Condrieu AOC
Template:Short description Template:Infobox wine region
Condrieu ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}; from the French coin de ruisseau, Template:Literally, {{#invoke:IPA|main}})<ref name="MacNeil pg 235-240">K. MacNeil The Wine Bible pp. 235–240 Workman Publishing 2001 Template:ISBN</ref> is a French wine-growing Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC) located in the northern Rhône, near Vienne and to the south of the Côte-Rôtie AOC. The vineyards are situated in the seven communes of Limony, Chavanay, Malleval, Saint-Michel-sur-Rhône, Saint-Pierre-de Boeuf, Vérin, and Condrieu. These communes are in the French departments of Ardèche, Rhône and Loire on the steep slopes of the foothills of the Massif Central on the right bank of the Rhône. The four southernmost communes can also produce wine under the Saint-Joseph AOC. The wines made in this AOC are exclusively white, from the Viognier grape, which may have originated in the region. The smaller AOC of Château-Grillet is enclaved within Condrieu and produces wines that are also 100% Viognier. The Condrieu AOC was officially created in 1940.<ref name="AOC"/>
HistoryEdit
Viticulture in the area around Condrieu has existed since at least Roman times and it is possible that the area was first cultivated by the native Allobroges tribe.<ref name="Johnson pg 89">H. Johnson Vintage: The Story of Wine pg 89 Simon and Schuster 1989 Template:ISBN</ref> In the 18th century, Condrieu enjoyed a period of popularity as it gained access to the lucrative Parisian market. The wine was transported north by land to the city of Saint-Étienne where the Loire would carry the wine to the Canal de Briare and then to Paris. During periods of peace between France and Great Britain, Condrieu would find its way to the London market.<ref name="Johnson pg 283 & 299">H. Johnson Vintage: The Story of Wine pg 283 & 299 Simon and Schuster 1989 Template:ISBN</ref>
For most of the 20th century before the early 1970s, the only northern Rhône wine well-known far from the region was Hermitage, and there was little demand on the export market for Rhône wines. Producing wine from hillside vineyards requires more labour than on flat vineyards, and is therefore economically difficult when demand and prices are low. This was particularly felt by some Rhône appellations in the early post-World War II era, including Condrieu and its neighbour Côte-Rôtie, with the 1950s and 1960s a particularly difficult time. Rhône wines in general started to be more in demand from the early 1970s, and stronger so from the late 1970s/early 1980s. From this time, the négociant business of Marcel Guigal at Ampuis helped expand the market for Condrieu wines. Guigal primarily made his name with his Côte-Rôtie wines which then paved the way for his bottlings from other appellations, which also includes a significant portion of white wine. Guigal's Condrieu was sourced from small growers in the appellation.<ref name="JLL">Template:Cite book</ref>
The increase in demand led to new plantations inside the appellation's border, which at the time was far from fully exploited and at one stage included many abandoned vineyards. The area under vine was less than Template:Convert in the 1960s, Template:Convert in 1982, Template:Convert at the end of the century and Template:Convert in 2005.<ref name="JLL"/><ref name="Johnson atlas pg 132">H. Johnson & J. Robinson The World Atlas of Wine pg 132 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 Template:ISBN</ref>
Climate and geographyEdit
As in much of Northern Rhone, the climate of Condrieu is continental and characterized by cold wet winters and hot summers. Ideally situated vineyards are planted on granite soils and face south, which aids growth during the cool months of late spring and early autumn. The well-drained granite soil retains heat during the day and reflects it back to the vines at night.<ref name="MacNeil pg 235-240"/> In some areas the soil includes a fine layer of decomposed chalk, flint and mica which is known in the region as arzelle.<ref name="Sotheby pg 215-216">T. Stevenson The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia pp. 215–216 Dorling Kindersley 2005 Template:ISBN</ref> The best vineyards have some natural shelter from the fierce northern winds that blow through the region and wreak havoc during flowering. The steep incline of many vineyards exposes them to soil erosion.<ref name="Oxford pg 192">J. Robinson (ed) The Oxford Companion to Wine Third Edition p. 192 Oxford University Press 2006 Template:ISBN</ref>
The Condrieu AOC covers more than 500 acres (202 ha)<ref name="Spectator">J. Molesworth "Vintage Analysis: Northern Rhône 2003 and 2004 Template:Webarchive" Wine Spectator December 06, 2005</ref> of hilly terrain located along a 12 miles (19 km) stretch of the Rhône.<ref name="Dummies pg 132-133">E. McCarthy & M. Ewing-Mulligan "French Wine for Dummies" pp. 132–133 Wiley Publishing 2001 Template:ISBN</ref> The AOC region begins at the town of Condrieu and extends south along the west bank of the river to the town of Limony. Within the AOC is 8.5 acres (3.4 ha) of Château-Grillet, which has its own micro-appellation.<ref name="Spectator"/>
WineEdit
The only wine that can be sold under the Condrieu AOC is a white wine made entirely from Viognier. The clone of Viognier grown in Condrieu produces low yields of small berries and is less productive than the clones planted in other regions of France, such as the vin de pays wine of the neighboring Ardèche department. This contributes to the expense of Condrieu AOC wine, of which only 30 000 or so cases are produced annually.<ref name="Dummies pg 132-133"/> In the early to mid 20th century, Condrieu producers tended to make wines that were off-dry to sweet but by the end of the century the trend was to produce mostly dry wines. In particularly favourable vintages, some producers will make a sweet late harvest wine.<ref name="Sotheby pg 215-216"/>
Condrieu wine is often characterised by delicate aromatics of peaches, dried fruit and white flowers. Some examples also have notes of anise, star fruit and melons. Often the wine is full bodied and rich in a style that is texturally similarly to Chardonnay.<ref name="Spectator"/> Normally the wine is made dry but the fruitiness and perfume of the bouquet can suggest sweetness.<ref name="Sotheby pg 215-216"/> The Viognier grape is naturally low in acidity, which challenges growers and winemakers to keep the wine from becoming flabby and bleak. Some winemakers in the region use malolactic fermentation and some do not.<ref name="Oxford pg 192"/> The delicate flavors of the wine can be overwhelmed by too much oak during the winemaking process.<ref name="MacNeil pg 235-240"/>
AgingEdit
The ability of Condrieu to age is much discussed in the wine industry and opinions differ. Some experts like Master of Wine Mary Ewing-Mulligan believe that it is best consumed within three years of harvest.<ref name="Dummies pg 132-133"/> The Oxford Companion to Wine describes Condrieu as one of the few luxury wines that is meant to be consumed young, typically within two to four years.<ref name="Oxford pg 192"/> Wine writer Tom Stevenson recommends drinking Condrieu within four to eight years of harvest and notes that its freshness and purity can be lost as the wine ages.<ref name="Sotheby pg 215-216"/> James Molesworth of Wine Spectator notes that some vintages of Condrieu, such as the 2004, will produce more intense, concentrated wines that will age gracefully.<ref name="Spectator"/>
Appellation regulationsEdit
The Condrieu AOC can only be used for still white wines made from Viognier. The planting density must be at least 6 500 vines per hectare, and the base yield is 41 hectoliter per hectare. The grape must reach a maturity giving at least 178 g/L sugar in the must (corresponding to 10.5 per cent potential alcohol) and the finished wines must have at least 11.5 per cent alcohol by volume, but no more than 14 per cent after any chaptalisation. If the wine has more than 45 grams per liter of sugar (only applicable for rare sweet Condrieu wines), it must not have been chaptalised to reach that sugar level.<ref name="AOC">Appellation regulations, version of October 28, 2009 on Légifrance</ref>