Congregational polity

Template:Short description Template:About Template:Ecclesiastical polity Congregational polity, or congregationalist polity, often known as congregationalism, is a system of ecclesiastical polity in which every local church (congregation) is independent, ecclesiastically sovereign, or "autonomous". Its first articulation in writing is the Cambridge Platform of 1648 in New England.

Major Protestant Christian traditions that employ congregationalism include Baptist churches, the Congregational Methodist Church, and Congregational churches known by the Congregationalist name and having descended from the Independent Reformed wing of the Anglo-American Puritan movement of the 17th century. More recent generations have witnessed a growing number of nondenominational churches, which are often congregationalist in their governance.Template:Citation needed Although autonomous, like minded congregations may enter into voluntary associations with other congregations, sometimes called conventions, denominations, or associations.

Congregationalism is distinguished from episcopal polity Template:Sfn which is governance by a hierarchy of bishops, and is also distinct from presbyterian polity Template:Sfn in which higher assemblies of congregational representatives can exercise considerable authority over individual congregations.

Congregationalism is not limited only to organization of Christian church congregations. The principles of congregationalism have been inherited by the Unitarian Universalist Association and the Canadian Unitarian Council.

Basic formEdit

The term congregational polity describes a form of church governance that is based on the local congregation. Each local congregation is independent and self-supporting, governed by its own members.Template:Sfn Some band into loose voluntary associations with other congregations that share similar beliefs (e.g., the Willow Creek Association and the Unitarian Universalist Association).Template:Sfn Others join "conventions", such as the Southern Baptist Convention, the National Baptist Convention or the American Baptist Churches USA (formerly the Northern Baptist Convention).Template:Sfn These conventions generally provide stronger ties between congregations, including some doctrinal direction and pooling of financial resources.Template:Sfn Congregations that belong to associations and conventions are still independently governed.Template:Sfn Most non-denominational churches are organized along congregationalist lines.Template:Sfn Many do not see these voluntary associations as "denominations", because they "believe that there is no church other than the local church, and denominations are in variance to Scripture."Template:Sfn

Denominational familiesEdit

These Christian traditions use forms of congregational polity.

Congregational churchesEdit

Template:See also Congregationalism is a Protestant tradition with roots in the Puritan and Independent movements. In congregational government, the covenanted congregation exists prior to its officers,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and as such the members are equipped to call and dismiss their ministers without oversight from any higher ecclesiastical body. Their churches ordinarily have at least one pastor, but may also install ruling elders.

Statements of polity in the congregational tradition called "platforms". These include the Savoy Confession's platform, the Cambridge Platform, and the Saybrook Platform. Denominations in the congregational tradition include the UCC, NACCC, CCCC, and EFCC. Denominations in the tradition support but do not govern their constituent members.

Baptist churchesEdit

Template:More citations needed Most Baptists hold that no denominational or ecclesiastical organization has inherent authority over an individual Baptist church. Churches can properly relate to each other under this polity only through voluntary cooperation, never by any sort of coercion. Furthermore, this Baptist polity calls for freedom from governmental control.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Exceptions to this local form of local governance include the Episcopal Baptists that have an episcopal system.

Independent Baptist churches have no formal organizational structure above the level of the local congregation. More generally among Baptists, a variety of parachurch agencies and evangelical educational institutions may be supported generously or not at all, depending entirely upon the local congregation's customs and predilections. Usually doctrinal conformity is held as a first consideration when a church makes a decision to grant or decline financial contributions to such agencies, which are legally external and separate from the congregations they serve. These practices also find currency among non-denominational fundamentalist or charismatic fellowships, many of which derive from Baptist origins, culturally if not theologically.

Most Southern Baptist and National Baptist congregations, by contrast, generally relate more closely to external groups such as mission agencies and educational institutions than do those of independent persuasion. However, they adhere to a very similar ecclesiology, refusing to permit outside control or oversight of the affairs of the local church.

Churches of ChristEdit

Template:See also Ecclesiastical government is congregational rather than denominational. Churches of Christ purposefully have no central headquarters, councils, or other organizational structure above the local church level.Template:Efn Template:Sfnm Rather, the independent congregations are a network with each congregation participating at its own discretion in various means of service and fellowship with other congregations.Template:Efn Template:Sfnm<ref name="Who Are the churches of Christ">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Churches of Christ are linked by their shared commitment to restoration principles.<ref name="Who Are the churches of Christ"/>Template:Sfn

Congregations are generally overseen by a plurality of elders (also known in some congregations as shepherds, bishops, or pastors) who are sometimes assisted in the administration of various works by deacons.<ref name="Who Are the churches of Christ"/>Template:Sfnm Elders are generally seen as responsible for the spiritual welfare of the congregation, while deacons are seen as responsible for the non-spiritual needs of the church.Template:Sfn Deacons serve under the supervision of the elders, and are often assigned to direct specific ministries.Template:Sfn Successful service as a deacon is often seen as preparation for the eldership.Template:Sfn Elders and deacons are chosen by the congregation based on the qualifications found in Timothy 3 and Titus 1.Template:Sfnm Congregations look for elders who have a mature enough understanding of scripture to enable them to supervise the minister and to teach, as well as to perform governance functions.Template:Sfn In lieu of willing men who meet these qualifications, congregations are sometimes overseen by an unelected committee of the congregation's men.Template:Sfn

While the early Restoration Movement had a tradition of itinerant preachers rather than "located Preachers", during the 20th century a long-term, formally trained congregational minister became the norm among Churches of Christ.Template:Sfn Ministers are understood to serve under the oversight of the elders.Template:Sfn While the presence of a long-term professional minister has sometimes created "significant de facto ministerial authority" and led to conflict between the minister and the elders, the eldership has remained the "ultimate locus of authority in the congregation".Template:Sfn There is a small group within the Churches of Christ which oppose a single preacher and, instead, rotate preaching duties among qualified elders (this group tends to overlap with groups which oppose Sunday School and also have only one cup to serve the Lord's Supper).

Churches of Christ hold to the priesthood of all believers.Template:Sfn No special titles are used for preachers or ministers that would identify them as clergy.Template:Sfnm Churches of Christ emphasize that there is no distinction between "clergy" and "laity" and that every member has a gift and a role to play in accomplishing the work of the church.Template:Sfn