Ctenosaura
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Ctenosaura is a lizard genus commonly known as spinytail iguanas or ctenosaurs. The genus is part of the large lizard family Iguanidae and is native to Mexico and Central America. The name is derived from two Greek words: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Transliteration), meaning "comb" (referring to the comblike spines on the lizard's back and tail), and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Transliteration), meaning "lizard".
DescriptionEdit
The species range in size (total length, including the tail) from about Template:Convert to well over Template:Convert. The distinctive feature of this genus is the presence of enlarged, spiny scales on the tail.
Ecology and natural historyEdit
Ctenosaurs are generally omnivorous, feeding on fruits, flowers, foliage, and small animals.
While studying physiological correlates of locomotion in lizards, a "burst speed" of 34.6 km/h (21.5 miles/h) was recorded by a black spiny-tail iguana (Ctenosaura similis), which is the highest speed reported for a lizard.<ref name="Garland (1984)">Garland, Theodore., Jr. 1984. Physiological correlates of locomotory performance in a lizard: an allometric approach. American Journal of Physiology. 247: 806–815.</ref>Template:Rp<ref name="malfatti"> Template:Citation </ref>
CaptivityEdit
C. pectinata, C. similis, and C. quinquecarinata are popular as pets.
Invasive speciesEdit
At least two species, Ctenosaura pectinata and Ctenosaura similis, have been introduced into southern areas of Texas and Florida.<ref name="Powell et al. 2016">Robert Powell, Roger Conant, Joseph T. Collins (2016). Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Co. xiv + 494 pp. (see page 284). Template:ISBN</ref> They are also now Template:When in southern ArizonaTemplate:Citation needed.
SpeciesEdit
The genus Ctenosaura represents the most diverse group of iguanas with 15 currently recognized species and at least two unrecognized species.<ref name="CtenoSession">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="ITIS">{{#if:173915 | {{#invoke:template wrapper|wrap|_template=cite web|_exclude=id,ID,taxon
| url = https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=173915 | title = Ctenosaura | publisher = Integrated Taxonomic Information System }}
| Template:Citation error }}</ref> These species inhabit lowland dry forests, woodlands and semi-open habitats, below Template:Convert elevation, on both coasts of Mexico and Central America.<ref name="CtenoSession"/> The species in the genus Ctenosaura belong in several different clades.<ref name="CtenoSession"/> Closely related species show allopatry whereas species from divergent clades show sympatry.<ref name="CtenoSession"/> Until 2017, the two species of Cachryx were included in Ctenosaura.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
| Image | Species | Common name | Authority | Geographic range |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| File:Nyíregyháza Zoo - Black iguana.jpg | Ctenosaura acanthura | Mexican spiny-tailed iguana<ref name="Liner & Casas-Andreu (2008)">Liner, E. A. and G. Casas-Andreu. 2008. Standard Spanish, English and scientific names of the amphibians and reptiles of Mexico Society for the Study Amphibians and Reptiles. Herpetological Circular 38: i-iv, 1-162. (pages 58-59)</ref> | (Shaw, 1802)<ref name="Shaw (1802)">Shaw, G. 1802. General Zoology, or Systematic Natural History. Vol.3, part 2. G. Kearsley, Thomas Davison, London: 313-615.</ref> | Eastern Mexico |
| File:Amneville Ctenosaura bakeri 27 08 2010 2.jpg | Ctenosaura bakeri | Baker's spinytail iguana | Stejneger, 1901<ref>Stejneger, Leonhard 1901. On a new species of spiny-tailed iguana from Utilla Island, Honduras. Proc. US Natl. Mus. 23 (1217): 467-468</ref> | Utila island off Honduras |
| Ctenosaura clarki | Michoacan club tail<ref name="Liner & Casas-Andreu (2008)" /> | Bailey, 1928<ref>Bailey, J. W. 1928. A revision of the lizards of the genus Ctenosaura. Proc. US Natl. Mus. 73 (2733): 1-55</ref> | Western Mexico | |
| File:Ctenosaura conspicuosa.jpg | Ctenosaura conspicuosa | Isla San Esteban spiny-tailed iguana<ref name="Liner & Casas-Andreu (2008)" /> | Dickerson, 1919<ref name="Dickerson (1919)">Dickerson, M. C. 1919. Diagnoses of Twenty-Three New Species and a New Genus of Lizards from Lower California. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 41 (10): 461-477.</ref> | San Esteban Island, Gulf of California |
| Ctenosaura flavidorsalis | Yellowback spinytail iguana | G. Köhler & Klemmer, 1994 | Honduras, El Salvador, and Guatemala | |
| File:SpinyTailedIguana CtenosauraHemilopha.jpg | Ctenosaura hemilopha | Cape spiny-tail iguana<ref name="Liner & Casas-Andreu (2008)" /> | (Cope, 1863)<ref>Cope, E.D. 1863. Descriptions of new American Squamata in the Museum of the Smtihsonian Institution. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 15 [1863]: 100-106</ref> | Southern half of Baja California, Mexico |
| File:Artis 20180519 122919 - Ctenosaura macrolopha.jpg | Ctenosaura macrolopha | Sonora spiny-tailed iguana<ref name="Liner & Casas-Andreu (2008)" /> | Smith, H. M. 1972<ref name="Smith (1972)">Smith, H.M. 1972. The sonoran subspecies of the lizard Ctenosaura hemilopha. Great Basin Naturalist 32 (2): 104-111.</ref> | Sonora, Mexico |
| File:Honduran spinytailed iguana.jpg | Ctenosaura melanosterna | Black-chested spinytail iguana | Buckley & Axtell, 1997 | Honduras |
| Ctenosaura nolascensis | Isla San Pedro Nolasco spiny-tailed iguana<ref name="Liner & Casas-Andreu (2008)" /> | Smith, H. M. 1972<ref name="Smith (1972)" /> | San Pedro Nolasco Island, Gulf of California | |
| File:Ctenosaura oaxacana - head.jpg | Ctenosaura oaxacana | Oaxacan spiny-tail iguana<ref name="Liner & Casas-Andreu (2008)" /> | G. Köhler & Hasbún, 2001<ref>Köhler, G. & C.R. Hasbun 2001. A new species of spiny-tailed iguana from Mexico formerly referred to Ctenosaura quinquecarinata (Gray 1842) (Reptilia, Squamata, Iguanidae). Senckenbergiana biologica 81: 257-267</ref> | Oaxaca, Mexico |
| File:Ctenosaura oedirhina 2264096.jpg | Ctenosaura oedirhina | Roatán spinytail iguana | de Queiroz, 1987 | Roatán, Honduras |
| File:Ctenosaura palearis Vivarium Tournai 27122015 1.jpg | Ctenosaura palearis | Guatemalan spinytail iguana | Stejneger, 1899 | Guatemala |
| File:Ctenosaura pectinata at the Denver Zoo-2012 03 12 0691.jpg | Ctenosaura pectinata | Western spiny-tail iguana<ref name="Liner & Casas-Andreu (2008)" /> | (Wiegmann, 1834)<ref name="Wiegmann (1834)">Wiegmann, A.F.A. 1834. Herpetologia Mexicana, seu descriptio amphibiorum novae hispaniae, quae itineribus comitis de Sack, Ferdinandi Deppe et Chr. Guil. Schiede im Museum Zoologicum Berolinense Pervenerunt. Pars prima, saurorum species. Berlin, Lüderitz, iv + 54 pp.</ref> | Western Mexico. Introduced to southern areas of Texas and Florida. |
| File:Spinytailediguanan.jpg | Ctenosaura quinquecarinata | Club tail iguana | Gray, 1842<ref>Gray, J. E. 1842. Description of some new species of Reptiles, chiefly from the British Museum collection. Zoological Miscellany 2: 57-59.</ref> | Nicaragua and Costa Rica. |
| File:Black Spiny-tailed Iguana-27527.jpg | Ctenosaura similis | Black spiny-tail iguana<ref name="Liner & Casas-Andreu (2008)" /> | (Gray, 1831)<ref name="Gray (1831 [1830])">Gray, J. E. 1831 [1830]. A synopsis of the species of Class Reptilia. In: Griffith, E & E. Pidgeon: The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organisation by the Baron Cuvier with additional descriptions of all the species hither named, and of many before noticed. V Whittaker, Treacher and Co., London: 481 + 110 pp.</ref> | Mexico and Central America; reported in some Colombian islands, introduced to southern Florida. |
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
- Frost DR, Etheridge RE (1989). "A Phylogenetic Analysis and Taxonomy of Iguanian Lizards (Reptilia: Squamata)". Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Misc. Publ. 81.
- Frost DR, Etheridge R, Janies D, Titus TA (2001). "Total evidence, sequence alignment, evolution of Polychrotid lizards, and a reclassification of the Iguania (Squamata: Iguania)". American Museum Novitates (3343): 1-38.
External linksEdit
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- Garland T Jr (1984). "Physiological correlates of locomotory performance in a lizard: an allometric approach". American J. Physiol. 247 (Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 16): R806-R815. PDF
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- Spiny Tailed Iguana Pictures
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