Demetrios Chalkokondyles

Demetrios Chalkokondyles (Template:Langx {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), Latinized as Demetrius Chalcocondyles and found variously as Demetricocondyles, Chalcocondylas or Chalcondyles (1423Template:Snd9 January 1511),<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> was one of the most eminent Greek scholars in the West. He taught in Italy for over forty years; his colleagues included Marsilio Ficino, Poliziano, and Theodorus Gaza in the revival of letters in the Western world, and Chalkokondyles was the last of the Greek humanists who taught Greek literature at the great universities of the Italian Renaissance (Padua, Florence, Milan). One of his pupils at Florence was the famous Johann Reuchlin. Chalkokondyles published the first printed publications of Homer (in 1488), of Isocrates (in 1493), and of the Suda lexicon (in 1499).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Life

File:Academie des sciences et des arts, contenant les vies 1682 (8231666).jpg

Demetrios Chalkokondyles at the Academie des sciences et des arts, 1682

Demetrios Chalkokondyles was born in Athens in 1423<ref name="Bisaha, Nancy 1997 125"/><ref name=ValerianoGaisser>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> to one of the noblest Athenian families; he was the cousin of Laonicus Chalcocondyles, the chronicler of the fall of Constantinople. He soon moved to the Peloponnese, with his Athenian family who had migrated after its persecution by the Florentine dukes. He migrated to Italy in 1447<ref name=Cubberley-264>Template:Cite book</ref> and arrived at Rome in 1449 where Cardinal Bessarion became his patron.<ref name="EB1911">Template:Cite EB1911</ref> He became the student of Theodorus Gaza and later gained the patronage of Lorenzo de Medici, serving as a tutor to his sons. Afterwards Chalkokondyles lived the rest of his life in Italy, as a teacher of Greek and philosophy. One of Chalkokondyles' Italian pupils described his lectures at Perugia, where he taught in 1450:

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Among his pupils were Janus Lascaris, Poliziano, Leo X, Castiglione, Giglio Gregorio Giraldi, Stefano Negri, and Giovanni Maria Cattaneo.<ref name=ValerianoGaisser/>

In 1463 Chalkokondyles was made professor at Padua, and later, at Francesco Philelpho's suggestion, in 1479 he took over the place of Ioannis Argyropoulos, as the head of the Greek Literature department and was summoned by Lorenzo de Medici to Florence.<ref name="EB1911"/> Chalkokondyles composed several orations and treatises calling for the liberation of his homeland Greece<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> from what he called “the abominable, monstrous, and impious barbarian Turks.”<ref name=Bisaha>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1463 Chalkokondyles called on Venice and "all of the Latins" to aid the Greeks against the Ottomans, he identified this as an overdue debt<ref name=Bisaha/> and reminded the Latins how the Byzantine Greeks once came to Italy's aid against the Goths in the Gothic Wars (535–554 AD)

File:7277 - Milano - S. Maria della Passione - Corridoio sagrestia - Lapide Demetrio Calcondila (+1511) - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto, 26-Feb-2008.jpg

Gravestone in Milan.

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It was during his tenure at the Studium in Florence that Chalkokondyles edited Homer for publication, which, dedicated to Lorenzo de' Medici, is his major accomplishment. He assisted Marsilio Ficino with his Latin translation of Plato. During his tenure at Florence, the German classical scholar Johannes Reuchlin was one of his pupils.<ref name="EB1911"/> He also taught Alessandra Scala, the Florentine Greek and Latin poet.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref>

Chalkokondyles married in 1484 at the age of sixty-one and fathered ten children.<ref name=ValerianoGaisser/> Finally, invited by Ludovico Sforza, he moved to Milan (1491/1492), where he taught until he died.

Work

File:Page from the first printed edition (editio princeps) of collected works by Homer.jpg

Page from the first printed edition (editio princeps) of collected works by Homer edited by Demetrios Chalkokondyles. Florence, 1489. Bibliothèque Nationale de France

He wrote in Ancient Greek the grammar handbook "Summarized Questions on the Eight Parts of Speech With Some Rules" ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He translated Galen's Anatomy into Latin.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

As a scholar, Chalkokondyles published the editio princeps of Homer (Florence 1488), Isocrates (Milan 1493) and the Byzantine Suda lexicon (1499).

• Greek Grammar, edited 1546 by Melchior Volmar in Basel
• Latin translation of the Anatomical Procedures of Galen, edited and published in 1529 by Jacopo Berengario da Carpi
• Ἡ τοῦ Ὁμήρου ποίησις ἅπασα, 1488, editio princeps of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, edited by Bernardus Nerlius and Chalkokondyles, appeared in Florence, not before 13 January 1489, in two folio volumes. It was the first Greek book to be printed in Florence.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Greek type used to print the 1488–1489 Homer is believed to have been cast by the Cretan Demetrius Damilas from the type that he had used to print Constantine Lascaris’ Erotemata (Milan 1476), the first book to be printed entirely in Greek, based upon the hand of Damilas’s fellow scribe Michael Apostolis.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

See also

• Chalkokondyles family
• Greek scholars in the Renaissance

References

• Nancy Bisaha, Creating East and West: Renaissance humanists and the Ottoman Turks, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006, pp. 113–15. Template:ISBN
• Deno J. Geanakoplos, "The discourse of Demetrius Chalcocondyles on the inauguration of Greek studies at the University of Padua", Studies in the Renaissance, 21 (1974), 118–44 and in Deno J. Geanakoplos, Interaction of the ‘Sibling’ Byzantine and Western Cultures in the Middle Ages and Italian Renaissance (330–1600), New Haven and London, 1976, pp. 296–304
• Jonathan Harris, Greek Émigrés in the West, 1400–1520, Camberley: Porphyrogenitus, 1995. Template:ISBN
• Robert Proctor, The Printing of Greek in the Fifteenth-Century, London, 1930, pp. 66–9.
• Fotis Vassileiou & Barbara Saribalidou, Short Biographical Lexicon of Byzantine Academics Immigrants to Western Europe, 2007.
• N.G. Wilson, From Byzantium to Italy. Greek Studies in the Italian Renaissance, London, 1992. Template:ISBN

External links

• Template:MathGenealogy
• The "First Edition" of the Iliad, article about the textual history the Iliad