Detroit–Windsor tunnel
Template:Short description Template:AboutTemplate:Infobox tunnel
The Detroit–Windsor tunnel (Template:Langx), also known as the Detroit–Canada tunnel,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> is an international highway tunnel connecting the cities of Detroit, Michigan, United States and Windsor, Ontario, Canada. It is the second-busiest crossing between the United States and Canada, the first being the Ambassador Bridge, which also connects the two cities, which are situated on the Detroit River.
OverviewEdit
The tunnel is Template:Convert long (nearly a mile). At its lowest point, the two-lane roadway is Template:Convert below the river surface.<ref name="DWT"/> There is a wide no-anchor zone enforced on river traffic around the tunnel.
The tunnel has three main levels. The bottom level brings in fresh air under pressure, which is forced into the mid level, where the traffic lanes are located. The ventilation system forces vehicle exhaust into the third level, which is then vented at each end of the tunnel.<ref name="DWT"/>
HistoryEdit
ConstructionEdit
Construction began on the tunnel in the summer of 1928.<ref name="DWT">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Detroit–Windsor tunnel was built by the firm Parsons, Klapp, Brinckerhoff and Douglas (the same firm that built the Holland Tunnel).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The executive engineer was Burnside A. Value, the engineer of design was Norwegian-American engineer Søren Anton Thoresen, while fellow Norwegian-American Ole Singstad consulted, and designed the ventilation.<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Scandinavian East Coast Museum, Genealogical Listings Template:Webarchive</ref>
Three different methods were used to construct the tunnel.<ref name="ASCE">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="DWT"/> The approaches were constructed using the cut-and-cover method. Beyond the approaches, a tunneling shield method was used to construct hand-bored tunnels. Most of the river section used the immersed tube method in which steam-powered dredgers dug a trench in the river bottom and then covered over with Template:Convert of mud. The nine Template:Convert-long tubes measured Template:Convert in diameter.<ref name="ASCE"/>
The Detroit–Windsor tunnel was completed in 1930 at a total cost of approximately $25 million (around $Template:Formatprice in Template:Inflation-year dollars).Template:Inflation-fn<ref>"A $25,000,000 Mile Tunnel" Popular Mechanics, December 1930, pp 889-890 detailed article with photos and drawings on construction</ref> It was the third underwater vehicular tunnel constructed in the United States,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> following the Holland Tunnel, between Jersey City, New Jersey, and downtown Manhattan, New York, and the Posey Tube, between Oakland and Alameda, California.
Its creation followed the opening of cross-border rail freight tunnels including the St. Clair Tunnel between Port Huron, Michigan, and Sarnia, Ontario, in 1891 and the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel between Detroit and Windsor in 1910.
The cities of Detroit and Windsor hold the distinction of jointly creating both the second and third tunnels between two nations in the world. The Detroit–Windsor tunnel is the world's third tunnel between two nations, and the first international vehicle tunnel. The Michigan Central Railway Tunnel, also under the Detroit River, was the second tunnel between two nations. The St. Clair Tunnel, between Port Huron, Michigan, and Sarnia, Ontario, under the St. Clair River, was the first.
Operations since 2007Edit
In 2007, billionaire Manuel Moroun, owner of the nearby Ambassador Bridge, attempted to purchase the American side of the tunnel.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref> In 2008, the City of Windsor controversially attempted to purchase the American side for $75 million, but the deal fell through after a scandal involving then-Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick.<ref name=":0" /><ref>DetNews.com. Council overrides mayor's veto on Detroit-Windsor tunnel sale. July 29, 2008.Template:Dead link</ref>
Soon afterward, the city's finances were badly hit in a recession and the tunnel's future was in question. Following Detroit's July 2013 bankruptcy filing, Windsor Mayor Eddie Francis said that his city would consider purchasing Detroit's half of the tunnel if it was offered for sale.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On July 25, 2013, the lessor, manager and operator of the tunnel, Detroit Windsor Tunnel LLC, and its parent company, American Roads, LLC, voluntarily filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York.<ref name="bankruptcy">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The American lease was eventually purchased by Syncora Guarantee, a Bermuda-based insurance company.<ref name=":0" /> Soon afterward, the lease with Detroit was extended to 2040.<ref name=":0" /> Both Syncora and Windsor retained the Windsor-Detroit Tunnel Corporation to manage the daily operations and upkeep of the tunnel. In May 2018, Syncora sold its interest in American Roads, LLC for $220 million to DIF Capital Partners, a Dutch-based investment fund management company specializing in infrastructure assets.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
A $21.6 million renovation of the tunnel began in October 2017 to replace the aging concrete ceiling, along with other improvements to the infrastructure. Completion of the project was initially scheduled for June 2018,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> but is ongoing as of 2021.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
UsageEdit
The Detroit–Windsor tunnel crosses the Canada–United States border; an International Boundary Commission plaque marking the boundary in the tunnel is between flags of the two countries.Template:R The tunnel is the second-busiest crossing between the United States and Canada after the nearby Ambassador Bridge. A 2004 Border Transportation Partnership study showed that 150,000 jobs in the region and $13 billion (U.S.) in annual production depend on the Windsor-Detroit international border crossing.<ref>Detroit Regional Chamber (2006) Detroit/Windsor Border Update: Part I-Detroit River International Crossing Study Template:Webarchive</ref> Between 2001 and 2005, profits from the tunnel peaked, with the cities receiving over $6 million annually. A steep decline in traffic eliminated profits from the tunnel from 2008 until 2012, with a modest recovery in the years since.<ref name=":0" />
TrafficEdit
About 13,000 vehicles a day use the tunnel despite having one lane in each direction and not allowing large trucks.<ref name="clui">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Historically, the tunnel carried a smaller amount of commercial traffic than other nearby crossings because of physical and cargo restraints, as well as limits on accessing roadways.<ref name="Partnership">Template:Cite journal</ref> Passenger automobile traffic on the tunnel increased from 1972, until it peaked in 1999 at just under 10 million vehicle crossings annually.<ref name="Partnership" /> After 1999, automobile crossings through the tunnel declined, dropping under 5 million for the first time in over three decades in 2007.<ref name="Partnership" /> Traffic on the tunnel later recovered slightly in the following years when the economy began to improve after 2008.<ref name=":0" /> Template:OSM Location map
TollsEdit
Tolls were last increased on the Canadian side in July 2021, 37% for those using Canadian currency and 11% using American currency.<ref name="Greeted">Template:Cite news</ref> Standard tolls for non-commercial Canada-bound vehicles are US$7.50 and C$7.50; United States-bound tolls are also US$6.75 but C$6.75. For frequent crossers, the Nexpress Toll Card for cheaper rates.<ref name="WDBL">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Commercial vehicles and buses are charged higher rates. Motorcycles, scooters and bicycles are prohibited.<ref name="WDBL"/>
FeaturesEdit
Tunnel truck for disabled vehiclesEdit
When the tunnel first opened in the 1930s the operators had a unique rescue vehicle to tow out disabled vehicles without having to back in or turn around to perform this role. The vehicle had two drivers, one facing in the opposite direction of the other. The vehicle was driven in, the disabled vehicle was hooked up, then the driver facing the other way drove it out. This emergency vehicle also had Template:Convert of water hose with power drive and chemical fire extinguishers.<ref>"Tunnel Truck Has Two Front Ends." Popular Science, November 1930, p. 71, bottom of page.</ref>
CKLW, WJR and the tunnelEdit
In the late 1960s, Windsor radio station CKLW AM 800 engineered a wiring setup which has allowed the station's signal to be heard clearly by automobiles traveling through the tunnel. Currently Detroit radio station WJR AM 760 can be heard clearly in the tunnel.
VentilationEdit
The upper and lower levels of the tunnel are used as exhaust and intake air ducts. One hundred-foot ventilation towersTemplate:Clarify on both ends of the tunnel enable air exchange once every 90 seconds.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Photo galleryEdit
- DetroitWindsorTunnelbordercrossing.jpg
The point of international crossing is marked.
- Detroitwindsortunnelcdnentrance.jpg
Entering from the Canadian side at Goyeau Street
- Detroitsidewindsortunnel.jpg
Entering from the US side at Jefferson Ave
- TunnelBusWindsor.jpg
Transit Windsor's "tunnel bus" is a municipally operated bus that regularly crosses the border; it waits in Detroit as passengers go through U.S. Customs.
- Detroit Customs.JPG
U.S. Customs and Border Protection Checkpoint
- Detroit-Windsor Tunnel Portal.JPG
Detroit portal of the tunnel
- Drive through detroit-windsor tunnel.ogv
Video of drive through tunnel from Windsor to Detroit in 2010
See alsoEdit
- Ambassador Bridge
- Gordie Howe International Bridge, a second bridge crossing currently under construction
- Detroit International Riverfront
- Transportation in metropolitan Detroit
- Detroit–Windsor
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- Windsor Detroit Borderlink Limited (Windsor Plaza)
- Detroit Windsor Tunnel LLC (Detroit Plaza)
- Tunnel Bus Template:Webarchive
- Detroit News archives: The Building of the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel
Template:Windsor, Ontario Template:Detroit Template:MIHistory