Disk density

File:5.25"-Diskette.jpg

5¼-inch DD-Disk

Disk density is a capacity designation on magnetic storage, usually floppy disks. Each designation describes a set of characteristics that can affect the areal density of a disk or the efficiency of the encoded data. Such characteristics include modulation method, track width, coercivity, and magnetic field direction.

8-inch media

Single density (SD or 1D) describes the first generation of floppy disks that use an iron oxide coating. Floppy drives utilize 300-oersted write heads, FM encoding, and a track width of Template:Convert for a density of 48 tracks-per-inch (tpi) and 5,876 bits-per-inch (bpi).

Double density (DD or 2D) doubles capacity over SD by replacing FM encoding with an improved line code, such as modified frequency modulation (MFM), modified modified frequency modulation (M²FM), FM/MFM or group coded recording (GCR).

5¼-inch media

SD (1D) and DD (2D) designations were generally identical to those of 8-inch disks.

Quad density (QD or 4D) doubles capacity over DD by narrowing the width of tracks to Template:Convert for a density of 96 tpi. Some manufacturers (Micropolis, Tandon, Micro Peripherals (MPI), Teac) used a track density of 100 tpi for quad-density drives, which were incompatible with 96 tpi models.

The Commodore 8050 and 8250 are rare instances of drives that used 375 kbit/s GCR code instead of the usual 250 kbit/s double-density format and they could store roughly 500 kilobytes on one side of a disk.

High density (HD) improves capacity by utilizing a 96 tpi track density in conjunction with improved cobalt disk coating and stronger 600-oersted write heads, allowing 9,646 bpi to be written.

3½-inch media

Double density (DD) 3½-inch disks use an iron oxide coating, just as with 5¼-inch DD/QD disks. However, drives utilize stronger 670-oersted write heads and a narrower track width of Template:Convert for a density of 135 tpi and 8,717 bpi.

High density (HD) 3½-inch disks switch to a cobalt disk coating, just as with 5¼-inch HD disks. Drives use 700-oersted write heads for a density of 17,434 bpi.

Extra-high density (ED) doubles the capacity over HD by using a barium ferrite coating and a special write head that allows the use of perpendicular recording.<ref name="Mueller_1994_HW"/><ref name="Intel_1992_82077SL"/>

Triple density (TD) triples the capacity over ED by tripling the track density and improving other parameters.<ref name="CW_1988_NEC"/><ref name="NEC_1991_uPD72070"/><ref name="NEC_PC88VA3"/> The drives used longitudinal recording.<ref name="Intel_1992_82077SL"/>

Overview

Size	8-inch		5¼-inch				3½-inch
Density	SD	DD	SD	DD	QD	HD	DD		HD	ED<ref name="Mueller_1994_HW"/>	TD<ref name="NEC_1991_uPD72070"/>
Disk coating	Iron oxide<ref name="Mueller_1994_HW"/><ref name="Yaskawa_1988_MR"/>					Cobalt<ref name="Mueller_1994_HW"/><ref name="Yaskawa_1988_MR"/>	?	Iron oxide, Cobalt?<ref name="Mueller_1994_HW"/>	Cobalt<ref name="Mueller_1994_HW"/><ref name="Yaskawa_1988_MR"/>	Barium ferrite<ref name="Mueller_1994_HW"/>	Barium ferrite [1]
Coercivity [Oe]	290,<ref name="Johnson_2011_HDDD"/> 300<ref name="Scott_1990_UM"/><ref name="Mueller_1994_HW"/><ref name="Yaskawa_1988_MR"/>					600,<ref name="Mueller_1994_HW"/><ref name="Yaskawa_1988_MR"/> 660,<ref name="Johnson_2011_HDDD"/> 670<ref name="Scott_1990_UM"/>	ca. 600	600?,<ref name="Mueller_1994_HW"/><ref name="Yaskawa_1988_MR"/> 660,<ref name="Johnson_2011_HDDD"/> 670<ref name="Scott_1990_UM"/>	700,<ref name="Scott_1990_UM"/> 720<ref name="Johnson_2011_HDDD"/><ref name="Mueller_1994_HW"/>	750?,<ref name="Mueller_1994_HW"/> 1060,<ref name="Johnson_2011_HDDD"/> 1200	?
Coating thickness [μm]	110	110	?	100,<ref name="Scott_1990_UM"/> 2.5,<ref name="Johnson_2011_HDDD"/> 2.0-3.0<ref name="Yaskawa_1988_MR"/>	?	55,<ref name="Scott_1990_UM"/> 1.3,<ref name="Johnson_2011_HDDD"/> 1.0-1.5<ref name="Yaskawa_1988_MR"/>	?	65,<ref name="Scott_1990_UM"/> 1.9,<ref name="Johnson_2011_HDDD"/> 2.0-3.0<ref name="Yaskawa_1988_MR"/>	55,<ref name="Scott_1990_UM"/> 0.9,<ref name="Johnson_2011_HDDD"/> 1.0-1.5<ref name="Yaskawa_1988_MR"/>	?	?
Line code	FM	MFM, M²FM, FM/MFM or GCR	FM	MFM or GCR		MFM	MFM<ref name="Epson_1984_PF-10"/>	MFM or GCR	MFM
Track width [mm]	0.330<ref name="Mueller_1994_HW"/>				0.160<ref name="Mueller_1994_HW"/>		?	0.115<ref name="Mueller_1994_HW"/>			?
Track density [tpi]	48<ref name="Mueller_1994_HW"/>				96<ref name="Mueller_1994_HW"/> or 100	96<ref name="Mueller_1994_HW"/>	67.5<ref name="Epson_1984_PF-10"/>	135<ref name="Mueller_1994_HW"/>			406.5<ref name="NEC_1991_uPD72070"/>
Bit density [bpi]	5,876,<ref name="Intel_1992_82077SL"/><ref name="Mueller_1994_HW"/> 5,922<ref name="Williams_DSM"/>					9,646,<ref name="Mueller_1994_HW"/> 9,870<ref name="Intel_1992_82077SL"/>	8,650<ref name="Epson_1984_PF-10"/>	8,717<ref name="Intel_1992_82077SL"/><ref name="Mueller_1994_HW"/>	17,432,<ref name="Intel_1992_82077SL"/> 17,434<ref name="Mueller_1994_HW"/>	34,868<ref name="Intel_1992_82077SL"/><ref name="Mueller_1994_HW"/>	36,700<ref name="NEC_1991_uPD72070"/>
Recording direction	longitudinal / horizontal<ref name="Mueller_1994_HW"/>									perpendicular / vertical<ref name="Mueller_1994_HW"/>	longitudinal<ref name="Intel_1992_82077SL"/> / horizontal<ref name="Mueller_1994_HW"/>

See also

• List of floppy disk formats

External links

• {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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