Doab
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}}Template:Main other Doab (Template:IPAc-en) is a term used in South Asia<ref name=oed-doab-cite-1>Template:Citation Quote: "Originally and chiefly in South Asia: (the name of) a strip or narrow tract of land between two rivers; spec. (with) the area between the rivers Ganges and Jumna in northern India."</ref> for the tract<ref name=oed-doab-cite-2>Template:Citation Quote: "confluence, land between two rivers, used in India of the tongue of land between the Ganges and Jumna, and of similar tracts in the Punjab, etc., lit. ‘two waters’ "</ref><ref name=oed-doab-cite-1/> of land lying between two confluent rivers. It is similar to an interfluve.<ref name=doab-websters-unabridge>Template:Citation Quote: " a tract of land between two rivers : interfluve"</ref> In the Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, R. S. McGregor refers to its Persian origin in defining it as do-āb ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, literally "two [bodies of] water") "a region lying between and reaching to the confluence of two rivers."
Template:Anchor Khadir, bangar, barani, nali and bagarEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also
Since North India and Pakistan are coursed by a multiplicity of Himalayan rivers that divide the plains into doabs (i.e. regions between two rivers), the Indo-Gangetic plains consist of alternating regions of river, khadir and bangar. The regions of the doabs near the rivers consist of low-lying, floodplains, but usually, very fertile khadir and the higher-lying land away from the rivers consist of bangar, less prone to flooding but also less fertile on average.<ref name="encybritt2010">Template:Citation</ref><ref name=ravi1>Damage to Yamuna Khadar, Ravi Shankar's Art of Living Responsible: NGT, Khas Khabar. 7 Dec 2017.</ref>
Khadir is also called nali or naili, specially in northern Haryana the fertile prairie tract between the Ghaggar river and the southern limits of the Saraswati channel depression in that gets flooded during the rains.<ref name=nali1>"The imperial gazeteers of India, 1908", British Raj, page 288.</ref>
Within bangar area, the barani is any low rain area where the rain-fed dry farming is practiced, which nowadays are dependent on the tubewells for irrigation.<ref name=bag1/> Bagar tract, an example of barani land, is the dry sandy tract of land on the border of Rajasthan state adjoining the states of Haryana and Punjab.<ref name=bag1>E. Walter Coward, 1980, "Irrigation and Agricultural Development in Asia: Perspectives from the social sciences", Cornell University press, Template:ISBN.</ref> Nahri is any canal-irrigated land,<ref name=nali1/> for example, the Rangoi tract which is an area irrigated by the Rangoi channel/canal made for the purpose of carrying flood waters of Ghagghar river to dry areas.<ref name=rangoi1>1987, "gazetteer of India: Hisar District" Template:Webarchive, page 7.</ref><ref name=landtypes1>1987, "Gazeteers of Hisar district, 1987" Template:Webarchive, Government of Haryana, page 162.]</ref>
Historically, villages in the doabs have been officially classified as khadir, khadir-bangar (i.e. mixed) or bangar for many centuries, and different agricultural tax rates applied based on a tiered land-productivity scale.<ref name="ref81pifip">Template:Citation</ref><ref name="ref23qixic">Template:Citation</ref>
Template:Anchor The DoabEdit
The Doab designates the flat alluvial tract between the Ganges and Yamuna rivers extending from the Sivalik Hills to the two rivers' confluence at Prayagraj. It is also called as Ganges-Yamuna Doab or Ganga Doab. The region has an area of about 23,360 square miles (60,500 square km); it is approximately Template:Convert in length and Template:Convert in width.<ref name=ymd1>Ganges-Yamuna Doab, Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref>
The British raj divided the Doab into three administrative districts, viz., Upper Doab (Meerut), Middle Doab (Agra) and Lower Doab (Allahabad).<ref name=ymd1/>Template:Citation needed
Currently the following states and districts form part of The Doab:<ref name=ymd1/>
Upper DoabEdit
Main article : Upper Doab
Saharanpur, Shamli, Muzaffarnagar, Baghpat, Meerut, Ghaziabad, Hapur, Gautam Buddh Nagar and Bulandshahr
Central or Middle DoabEdit
Etah, Kasganj, Aligarh, Agra, Hathras, Firozabad, Mainpuri and Mathura is in the trans-Yamuna region of Braj.
Lower DoabEdit
Farrukhabad, Kannauj, Etawah, Auraiya, Kanpur (Urban & Rural), Fatehpur, Kaushambi and Allahabad.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The Punjab DoabsEdit
Each of the tracts of land lying between the confluent rivers of the Punjab region of Pakistan and India has a distinct name, said to have been coined by Raja Todar Mal, a minister of the Mughal emperor Akbar. The names (except for "Indus Sagar") are a combination of the first letters, in the Persian alphabet, of the names of the rivers that bound the Doab. For example, "Chaj" ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) = Chanāb ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "Chenab") + Jehlam ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "Jhelum"). The names are from east to west.Template:Citation needed
Sind Sagar DoabEdit
The Sind Sagar Doab lies between the Indus and Jhelum rivers.Template:Citation needed
Chaj DoabsEdit
Template:Main article The Chaj Doab lies between the Jhelum and the Chenab rivers.Template:Citation needed
Rachna DoabsEdit
Template:Main article The Rachna Doab (considerable portion of the Rechna Doab is Majha<ref name=majhaArea/>) lies between the Chenab and the Ravi rivers.Template:Citation needed
Bari DoabsEdit
Template:See also The Bari Doab (considerable portion of the Bari Doab is Majha<ref name=majhaArea>Kakshi, S.R.; Pathak, Rashmi; Pathak, S.R.Bakshi R. (2007-01-01). Punjab Through the Ages. Sarup & Sons. Template:ISBN. Retrieved 12 June 2010.</ref>) lies between the Ravi, Beas and Sutlej rivers.Template:Citation needed
Bist DoabEdit
Template:Main article The Bist Doab (or Doaba) - between the Beas and the Sutlej rivers.Template:Citation needed
Other doabsEdit
Raichur DoabEdit
Template:Main article The Raichur Doab is the triangular region of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka states which lies between the Krishna River and its tributary the Tungabhadra River, named for the town of Raichur.Template:Citation needed
See alsoEdit
- Ap (water)
- Interamnia, an ancient Latin placename, meaning "between rivers"
- Mesopotamia, in Template:Langx '[land] between rivers'.
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
Template:Hydrography of Uttar Pradesh Template:GeoSouthAsia Template:PunjabGeography Template:Historical regions of North India