Drone metal
Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template other{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Infobox music genre with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| alt | caption | cultural_origins | current_year | current_year_override | current_year_title | derivatives | etymology | footnotes | fusiongenres | image | image_size | instruments | local_scenes | name | native_name | native_name_lang | other_names | other_topics | regional_scenes | stylistic_origins | subgenrelist | subgenres |showblankpositional=1}} Drone metal or drone doom<ref name=stosuy/><ref name=boilerroom>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> is a style of heavy metal that melds the slow tempos and heaviness of doom metal with the long-duration tones of drone music.<ref name=nyt/><ref name=art/> Drone metal is sometimes associated with post-metal<ref>Jon Caramanica, "The Alchemy of Art World Heavy Metal". International Herald Tribune, September 20, 2005. [1] Access date: August 25, 2008.</ref> or experimental metal.<ref name=essentialist/>
CharacteristicsEdit
Typically, the electric guitar is performed with a large amount of reverb or audio feedback<ref name=nyt/> while vocals may or may not be present. Songs often lack beat or rhythm in the traditional sense and are typically very long. The experience of a drone metal performance has been compared by novelist John Wray in The New York Times to listening to an Indian raga in the middle of an earthquake.<ref name=nyt/> Wray also states, "It's hard to imagine any music being heavier or, for that matter, very much slower."<ref name=nyt/> A pioneer band of drone metal called Sunn O))) has indicated a kinship with sound sculpture.<ref name=nyt/> Jan Tumlir indicates a "sustained infra-sound rumble of sub-bass—so-called brown noise".<ref name=art/>
HistoryEdit
PrecursorsEdit
Early guitar-produced drone effects go as far back as the krautrock (for example Cluster II by Cluster, 1972) and early noise rock / industrial music era (Metal Machine Music by Lou Reed, 1975; Stahlwerksynfonie by Die Krupps, 1981).
1990sEdit
Drone metal was first established by Earth,<ref>Jason Jackowiak, Splendid, September 14, 2005. {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} Access date: August 23, 2008.</ref> a group from Olympia, Washington, formed in 1989 by minimalist musician Dylan Carlson,<ref name=boilerroom/> which has been described as "minimalist post-grunge".<ref name=nyt/> Earth took inspiration from the sludge metal of Melvins and the minimalist music of La Monte Young, Terry Riley and Tony Conrad.<ref name=boilerroom/> Stephen O'Malley's group Burning Witch, formed five years later, also in Seattle, continued in this tradition, incorporating unusual vocals and bursts of audio feedback. The group initially recorded for the prominent powerviolence label Slap-a-Ham. O'Malley's subsequent group, Sunn O))),<ref name="nyt"/><ref name="art"/> initially formed as a tribute to Earth, is most responsible for the contemporary prominence of the drone metal style. Godflesh is also a stated influence on many groups. Boris,<ref name=nyt/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> from Tokyo, also developed a style of drone metal, parallel with the Seattle groups, as did Corrupted, from Osaka.<ref name=boilerroom/>
2000sEdit
Nadja (Toronto), Locrian<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (US), Jesu (UK), Black Boned Angel (Wellington, New Zealand), Khanate (New York City), Ocean (Portland, Maine), Growing<ref name=bp>James Parker, The Boston Phoenix, June 15, 2006. {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} Access date: August 22, 2008</ref> (New York City), KTL (Washington/London), Ascend<ref>Ample Fire Within review, "Soundcheck", The Wire, July 2008, p. 45.</ref> and Eagle Twin (US),<ref>Kim Kelly, "Choice Cuts", Terrorizer #189, October 2009, p. 22.</ref> Teeth of Lions Rule the Divine (Nottingham, England), Conan (Liverpool, England) and Moss (Southampton, England) are prominent drone metal groups that formed in the early 21st century.<ref name=boilerroom/> Noise musicians, such as Kevin Drumm and Oren Ambarchi, have also worked in the style.<ref>Joe Panzner, Sheer Hellish Miasma review, Stylus, September 1, 2003. {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} Access date: August 23, 2008.</ref> Rhys Chatham's Essentialist project is a contribution to drone metal by an elder composer,<ref name="essentialist"/> attempting to "arrive at an a priori essence of heavy metal, reducing it to a basic chord progression".<ref>,:.ELU OF THE NINE- Maurerische Trauermusik coming 2010.:</ref>
Connections with other art formsEdit
Stephen O'Malley from Sunn O))) collaborated on an installation with artist Banks Violette, who has likened drone metal to the work of Donald Judd.<ref name="nyt">John Wray, "Heady Metal", New York Times, May 28, 2006. [2] Access date: August 18, 2008.</ref> Tumlir locates a precedent in Robert Rauschenberg.<ref name="art">Jan Tumlir, "Primal dirge", Artforum, April 2006. [3] Access date: August 22, 2008.</ref> Violette points out, however, that drone metal is "as much a physiological phenomenon as an acoustic one",<ref name=nyt/> with an attendant physicality. O'Malley has also mentioned an appreciation for Cormac McCarthy and Richard Serra.<ref name="stosuy">Brandon Stosuy, "Heavy Metal: It's Alive and Flourishing", Slate, August 19, 2005. [4] Access date: August 22, 2008.</ref> Rhys Chatham's Essentialist included projections by Robert Longo.<ref name="essentialist">Steve Smith, "Where Classic Avant-Garde Gets a Hint of Heavy Metal", New York Times, September 13, 2006. [5] Access date: August 28, 2008.</ref> Jim Jarmusch's 2009 film The Limits of Control features music by a number of drone metal groups.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Jarmusch said, "I love these kind of visual landscapes they make, and they really inspired things for me for my film ..., because when I write I'm listening to things that inspire me in the direction of whatever world I'm imagining. Boris and Sunn O))) and Earth were really instrumental in me just finding a place in my head."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
BibliographyEdit
Template:Heavymetal Template:Extreme metal Template:Experimental music genres Template:Authority control