Elista

Template:Short description {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Infobox Russian inhabited locality Elista (Template:Langx, {{#invoke:IPA|main}};<ref name="Stress">"Большой энциклопедический словарь", под ред. А. М. Прохорова. Москва и Санкт-Петербург, 1997, стр. 1402</ref>Template:Efn Template:Langx, Elst, {{#invoke:IPA|main}})<ref name="OiratSp">The approximate pronunciation of the Cyrillic Kalmyk name in IPA is [ˈeɮstʰ]. The name in Oirat clear script is Template:MongolUnicode or Template:MongolUnicode, Êlêsütü</ref> is the capital city of the Republic of Kalmykia, Russia.

It was known as Stepnoy (Степно́й) from 1944 to 1957.

HistoryEdit

File:Buddha Kalmykia.JPG

A representation of the Buddha

Elista was founded in 1865 as a small settlement, the name is from Kalmyk els(e)n 'sand(y)'.<ref name="Pospelov">Е. М. Поспелов. "Географические названия мира", Москва, 1998, стр. 480.</ref> In November 1920, Elista became the administrative center of the Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast. By the early 1930s, Elista was transformed into a small city as the collectivization policies of Joseph Stalin forced many Kalmyks to abandon their traditional pastoral nomadic lifestyle in exchange for a modern, sedentary, and urban lifestyle. In October 1935, Elista was recognized as the capital of the Kalmyk ASSR. In late 1942, the city was briefly occupied by the German army. Because of alleged collaboration between the ethnic Kalmyks and the Germans, on December 27, 1943, the Kalmyk ASSR was dissolved and its ethnic Kalmyk residents were forcibly exiled to Siberia. Russian people were brought in to repopulate Elista, whose name was changed to Stepnoy ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}). It was called Stepnoy until 1957, when the survivors of the deportations were allowed to return from exile.

Some western tourists started to visit Elista from the mid-1990s, and more after it received publicity as the host city of the 1998 Chess Olympiad. The city is safe and has little traffic. On the outskirts of Elista, there are vast grasslands.

GeographyEdit

The city is located in the area of the Yergeni hills, in the upper part of the Elista valley. The sources of the river are located in the western part of the city. The Elista crosses the urban area from west to east, dividing it into two sections, a larger northern part and a smaller southern one.<ref name="GE">Google Earth</ref>

ClimateEdit

Elista has a hot-summer humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa), bordering upon a cool semi-arid climate (BSk).<ref name= koppen>Template:Cite journal</ref> Winters are freezing with a January average of Template:Convert while summers are very warm to hot with a July average of Template:Convert and average maximum of Template:Convert.<ref name="NOAA" /> The average annual precipitation is Template:Convert with winters being drier than summers.<ref name= WMO >{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Record temperatures range from Template:Convert in January 1935 to Template:Convert in July 2011.<ref name=Elistapogoda /><ref name=thermo>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Template:Weather box

Administrative and municipal statusEdit

Elista is the capital of the republic. Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with four rural localities, incorporated as the City of Elista—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.<ref name="Ref56">Appendix to Decree #137</ref> As a municipal division, the City of Elista is incorporated as Elista Urban Okrug.<ref name="Ref728">Law #308-IV-Z</ref>

FeaturesEdit

File:Statue of the Old White Man.jpg

A Kalmyk woman praying in front of the statue before entering the temple

Since 1991, the town has been characterized by the slow decay of Soviet-built institutions, and the large construction projects instigated by the republic's millionaire president Kirsan Ilyumzhinov.

The town center has a number of renovated public parks focused on the main square, boasting statues to both Lenin and the Buddha. To the east of the town lies the Olympic village of the 1998 XXXIII Chess Olympiad, known locally as "City-Chess". The site has a public swimming pool and a museum of Kalmyk Buddhist art, which is also infrequently used as a conference center.

During his visit in 1998, the 14th Dalai Lama chose a location west of the town center to build the Burkhan Bakshin Altan Sume, a Buddhist temple for city residents. It was opened in December 2005. It is the largest Buddhist temple in Europe.

TransportationEdit

Elista has a small regional airport which is open daily during the week, providing flights to Moscow and various cities in the southern part of the Russian Federation. The airport was closed by the federal aviation authorities sometime in the fall of 2006,Template:Why but was reopened sometime in 2007. Rail connections are available to Stavropol.

Due to the high cost of air travel, people usually prefer to take the bus between Elista and Moscow. The trip is approximately 18 hours and makes several rest stops along the route. Nowadays there is an airline, Azimuth, that provides air flights to Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Sochi, Crimea and Rostov on Don at affordable cost with direct flights from Elista airport. The price starts at 2500 rubles one way and it saves traveler a lot of time instead of traveling by bus as it was in the past.

Within Elista itself, a network of about a dozen marshrutka (minibus) routes is run by private companies.Template:Why Minibuses are available around every five minutes. This is the preferred option of most Kalmykians because of the minimal cost (10 rubles).

DemographicsEdit

Population:
Template:Ru-census

Ethnic composition (2021):<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Kalmyks – 76.9%
Russians – 19.1%
Kazakhs – 0.6%
Others – 3.4%

Twin towns – sister citiesEdit

Template:See also Elista is twinned with:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Div col

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SportEdit

Typhoon Elista were a motorcycle speedway team who regularly participated in the Soviet Union Championship from 15 April 1967 through to 1991. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the team disbanded.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The team raced at the Elista Motordrome or Avtodrom located at (Template:Coord).

Elista was previously home to a top tier football team. Uralan Elista played in the Russian Premier League from 1997 until 2000, and then 2001 until 2003 when the team was dissolved. The team have been re-created multiple times since, sometimes known as FC Elista, although always at an amateur level.

GalleryEdit

The Soviet Union 1961 CPA 2580 stamp (Capitals of Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics. Pushkin Street, Elista, Kalmyk).jpg

Elista's Pushkin Street on a 1961 stamp
Geden Sheddup Choikorling.jpg

Geden Sheddup Choikorling Monastery
Golden Temple Elista.jpg

The Golden Temple
City Chess Elista Kalmykia.jpg

Elista's Chess City
Shaxmaty2.jpg

Playing chess near the Seven Days Pagoda, Elista

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit