Eliza R. Snow

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Template:Infobox LDS biography Eliza Roxey Snow (January 21, 1804 – December 5, 1887) was one of the many wives of Joseph Smith and then Brigham Young after Smith's death. In the history of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), she was a well-known and significant figure. She wrote poetry, chronicled history, celebrated nature and relationships, and expounded scripture and doctrine. Snow was the second Relief Society general president of the LDS Church, which she reestablished in the Utah Territory in 1866.<ref name=1880pres/> She was also the older sister of Lorenzo Snow, the LDS Church's fifth president.

Early years and educationEdit

Eliza Roxey Snow was born in Becket, Massachusetts, the second of seven children (four daughters and three sons) to Oliver Snow III (1775-1845) and Rosetta Leonara Pettibone Snow (1778-1846).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Her parents were of English descent and their ancestors were among the earliest settlers of New England.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":2">Template:Cite news</ref> Although her middle name is a namesake from her paternal aunt Roxey Snow (1776-1817), her middle name is also frequently spelled as Roxcy.<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> When she was two years old, her family left New England to settle on a new and fertile farm in the Western Reserve valley, in Mantua Township, Portage County, Ohio.<ref name=":2" /> The Snow family valued learning and saw that each child had educational opportunities.

Although a farmer by occupation, Oliver Snow performed much public business, officiating in several responsible positions. His daughter, Eliza, being ten years the senior of her eldest brother, was employed as secretary, as soon as she was competent, in her father's office as justice of the peace.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> She was skilled in various kinds of needlework and home manufactures.<ref name=":2" /> Two years in succession she drew the prize awarded by the committee on manufactures, at the county fair, for the best manufactured leghorn bonnet.<ref name=":3" />

Early church involvementEdit

Template:Multiple image Snow's Baptist parents welcomed a variety of religious believers into their home. In 1828, Snow and her parents joined Alexander Campbell's Christian restorationist movement, the Disciples of Christ. In 1831, when Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, took up residence in Hiram, Ohio, four miles from the family's farm, the Snow family took a strong interest in the new religious movement. Snow's mother and sister joined the Church of the Latter Day Saints early on. Several years later, in 1835, Snow was baptized and moved to Kirtland, Ohio, the church's headquarters. After arriving, Snow donated her inheritance, a large sum of money, toward building the church's Kirtland Temple. In appreciation, the building committee provided her with the title to "a very valuable [lot]-situated near the Temple, with a fruit tree-an excellent spring of water, and house that accommodated two families." Here, Snow taught school for Smith's family and was influential in interesting her younger brother, Lorenzo, in Mormonism. He later became an apostle and the LDS Church's fifth president.

Snow moved west with her family and the body of the church, first to Adam-ondi-Ahman, a short-lived settlement in Missouri, and then to Nauvoo, Illinois.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In the 1930s, Alice Merrill Horne wrote in her autobiography that when she was a girl she overheard a conversation that in Missouri during the 1838 Mormon War, Eliza Snow was brutally gang-raped by eight Missourians, which left her unable to have children.<ref name = rape>Peggy Fletcher Stack, "Shocking historical finding: Mormon icon Eliza R. Snow was gang-raped by Missouri ruffians", The Salt Lake Tribune, 3 March 2016.</ref> Later, according to Horne, Joseph Smith offered her marriage as a plural wife "as a way of promising her that she would still have eternal offspring and that she would be a mother in Zion."

In Nauvoo, Snow again made her living as a schoolteacher. After Smith's death, Snow swore in an affidavit recorded by a notary public that she had secretly wed him on June 29, 1842, as a plural wife.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, Snow had organized a petition in that same summer of 1842, with a thousand female signatures, denying that Smith was connected with polygamy and extolling his virtue.<ref>Times and Seasons 3 (August 1, 1842): 869.</ref> As secretary of the Ladies' Relief Society, she organized the publishing of a certificate in October 1842 denouncing polygamy and denying Smith as its creator or participant.<ref>Times and Seasons 3 (October 1, 1842): 940.</ref> Decades later Snow publicly described Smith as, "my beloved husband, the choice of my heart and the crown of my life."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Years later, when Snow was informed that Smith's first wife, Emma, had stated on her deathbed that her husband had never been a polygamist, Snow was reported to have stated she doubted the story but "If ... [this] was really [Sister Emma's] testimony she died with a libel on her lips -- a libel against her husband -- against his wives -- against the truth, and against God...".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

After Smith's death, Snow married Brigham Young as a plural wife. She traveled west across the plains and arrived in the Salt Lake Valley on October 2, 1847.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> There, childless Eliza became a prominent member of Young's family, moving into an upper bedroom of Young's Salt Lake City residence, the Lion House.<ref name=":4" />

Relief Society serviceEdit

File:Eliza R. Snow engraving2.jpg

Engraving of Eliza Roxey Snow

The LDS Church's first Relief Society was organized by Joseph Smith in Nauvoo, Illinois on March 17, 1842, as a philanthropic and women's educational organization.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Snow served as the organization's first secretary, with Smith's wife, Emma, as president. The organization was originally known as "The Female Relief Society of Nauvoo."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It later became known simply as "The Relief Society." For the next three years, Snow kept copious notes of the organization's meetings, including Joseph Smith's teachings on how the organization should operate. Members of the original Relief Society stopped meeting shortly after Smith's death in 1844, and the organization soon became defunct.

Brigham Young led a migration of LDS Church members to the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, and for the next twenty years attempts were periodically made to reestablish the organization.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In 1855, Young commissioned Snow with reestablishing the Relief Society.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Until 1868, however, activity was limited, and no sustained, church-wide Relief Society existed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> For the next several years, Snow traveled throughout the Utah Territory helping Latter-day Saint bishops again organize Relief Society in their local wards, using the notes she took as secretary in Nauvoo as the founding principles of the reestablished Relief Society.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> "What is the object of the Female Relief Society?" Snow wrote on one occasion. "I would reply—to do good—to bring into requisition every capacity we possess for doing good, not only in relieving the poor but in saving souls."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Local Relief Societies soon fell under the umbrella of a church-wide, general Relief Society of which Snow served as president until 1887.<ref name=":0" />

Snow's presidency emphasized spirituality and self-sufficiency. The Relief Society sent women to medical school, trained nurses, opened the Deseret Hospital, operated cooperative stores, promoted silk manufacture, saved wheat, and built granaries.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1872, Snow provided assistance and advice to Louisa L. Greene in the creation of a woman's publication loosely affiliated with the Relief Society—the Woman's Exponent. Snow's responsibilities also extended to young women and children within the church. She was a primary organizer for the Young Ladies' Mutual Improvement Association in 1870 and assisted Aurelia Spencer Rogers in establishing the Primary Association in 1878.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Snow served as the Relief Society president until her death in 1887. By 1888, the Relief Society had more than 22,000 members in 400 local congregations.

Snow died in Salt Lake City and was buried in Brigham Young's family cemetery.

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PoetryEdit

Snow wrote poetry from a young age, one time even writing school lessons in rhyme.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Between 1826 and 1832, she published more than 20 poems in local newspapers, including the Western Courier of Ravenna, Ohio, and the Ohio Star under pen names such as Narcissa and Tullia. Her first published poem was a requiem she was requested to write for John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, in light of their simultaneous deaths July 4, 1826.<ref name=":2" /> A number of Snow's poems were set to music and have become important Latter-day Saint hymns, some of which appear in the current edition of the Church's hymnal. One of her hymns, "Great is the Lord", was published in the first Latter Day Saint hymnal in 1835, the year of her baptism.

In Nauvoo, Snow gained minor distinction as a Mormon poet featured in local newspapers. She continued to write poems as she journeyed to the Salt Lake Valley, documenting the pioneer trail and life in Utah, and in 1850 she penned a humorous riposte regarding visiting United States officials who had not impressed the Saints.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> where she would rise to prominence, being called "Zion's Poetess." The first of her two volumes of Poems, Religious, Historical, and Political appeared in 1856, followed by the second in 1877.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Some of her poems are:

"How Great the Wisdom and the Love"<ref>How Great the Wisdom and the Love, Mormon Literature Website, BYU</ref>
"Invocation, or the Eternal Father and Mother" [retitled "O My Father"]<ref>Invocation, or the Eternal Father and Mother, Mormon Literature Website, BYU</ref>
"Be Not Discouraged"<ref>Be Not Discouraged, Mormon Literature Website, BYU</ref>
"My First View of a Western Prairie"<ref>My First View of a Western Prairie, Mormon Literature Website, BYU</ref>
"Mental Gas"<ref>Mental Gas, Mormon Literature Website, BYU</ref>
"Think not When You Gather to Zion Your Troubles and Trials are Through"
"O Awake! My Slumbering Minstrel"

One of her best-known poems, "Invocation, or the Eternal Father and Mother," was written soon after the death of her father and just over a year after the death of Joseph Smith.<ref>Snow, E.R. "My Father in Heaven", Times and Seasons 6 (November 15, 1845).</ref> The poem, renamed "O My Father" after the first line, is included in the LDS Church's current hymnal, as are Snow's hymns "Great is the Lord"; "Again We Meet Around the Board"; "Awake, Ye Saints of God, Awake!"; "How Great the Wisdom and the Love"; "The Time Is Far Spent"; "In Our Lovely Deseret"; "Though Deepening Trials"; "Behold the Great Redeemer Die"; and "Truth Reflects Upon Our Senses".

Eliza Snow and her brother, Lorenzo Snow, founded the Polysophical Society in December 1854 in Salt Lake City. Members shared poetry and musical and dramatic performances. Church leaders Jedediah M. Grant and Heber C. Kimball halted the society's activities because of its "adulterous spirit."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Image galleryEdit

Eliza Roxey Snow's biographical sketch at the Daughters of Utah Pioneers Museum in Salt Lake City, UT.jpg

Snow's biographical sketch at the Pioneer Memorial Museum (PMM)
Eliza Roxey Snow statue (1952) by Ortho Rollin Fairbanks (1925-2015) in front of the Daughters of Utah Pioneers in Salt Lake City, Utah.jpg

Snow (by Ortho R. Fairbanks; 1952) in front of the PMM
Eliza Roxey Snow's embroidery (1830) in the Daughters of Utah Pioneers in Salt Lake City, Utah.jpg

Snow's embroidery (1830) in the PMM
Eliza R Snow pocket watch given by Joseph Smith.jpeg

Snow’s pocket watch from Joseph Smith, located in the Church History Museum
Eliza Roxey Snow (by Lewis Aquilla Ramsey; 1909).jpg

Snow (by Lewis Aquilla Ramsey; 1909)
Eliza Roxey Snow (by Charles Roscoe Savage & George Martin Ottinger).jpg

Snow (by Charles Roscoe Savage & George Martin Ottinger)
Eliza Roxey Snow (by Danquart Anthon Weggeland; 1883; Daughters of Utah Pioneers Museum in Salt Lake City, UT).jpg

Snow (by Danquart Anthon Weggeland; 1883) in the PMM
Eliza Roxey Snow (by Edward Martin).jpg

Snow (by Edward Martin)
Eliza Roxey Snow (by Marsena Cannon; 1852).jpg

Snow (by Marsena Cannon; 1852)
Eliza Roxey Snow (by Hippolyte Délié & Emile Béchard; 1873).jpg

Snow (by Hippolyte Délié & Emile Béchard; 1873)