Emberiza
Template:Short description Template:About Template:Automatic taxobox
The buntings are a group of Old World passerine birds forming the genus Emberiza, the only genus in the family Emberizidae. The family contains 44 species. They are seed-eating birds with stubby, conical bills.
TaxonomyEdit
The family Emberizidae was formerly much larger and included the species now placed in the Passerellidae (New World sparrows) and Calcariidae (longspurs and snow buntings). Molecular phylogenetic studies found that the large family consisted of distinct clades that were better treated as separate families.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The genus Emberiza is now the only genus placed in the family Emberizidae.<ref name=ioc/> The genus was introduced by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The type species was subsequently designated as the yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The genus name Emberiza is from Old German {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, a bunting.<ref name =job>Template:Cite book</ref> The origin of the English "bunting" is unknown.<ref name=OED>Template:OED</ref>
A 2008 genetic study found that three emberizid species that were placed in their own monotypic genera clustered within the Emberiza. These were the crested bunting (Melophus lathami), the slaty bunting (Latouchiornis siemsseni), and the corn bunting (Miliaria calandra).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> All three species are now included in the genus Emberiza.<ref name=ioc/>
A large DNA-based study of the passerines published in 2019 found that the buntings are most closely related to the longspurs and snow buntings in the family Calcariidae.<ref name=oliveros>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Ornithologists Edward Dickinson and Leslie Christidis in the fourth edition of the Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World chose to split up Emberiza and recognise the genera Fringillaria, Melophus, Granativora, Emberiza, and Schoeniclus.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Their example has not been followed by the online version of the Handbook of the Birds of the World<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> nor by Frank Gill and David Donsker in the list of world birds that they maintain on behalf of the International Ornithologists' Union.<ref name=ioc/> The British Ornithologists' Union has argued that splitting the genus provides little benefit and destabilizes the nomenclature.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Species in the New World genus Passerina include the word "bunting" in their common names, but are now classed in the family Cardinalidae.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The family is divided into four major clades. The species in Clade I are mainly African while those in Clades II to IV are Palearctic:<ref name=cai>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The cladogram below is based on a study published in 2021. The phylogenetic relationships of two African species, the brown-rumped bunting (Emberiza affinis) and Vincent's bunting (Emberiza vincenti), were not determined.<ref name=cai/>
List of speciesEdit
The genus contains 44 species.<ref name=ioc>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Image | Common Name | Scientific name | Distribution |
---|---|---|---|
File:A Rare Crested Bunting (50027361348).jpg | Crested bunting | Emberiza lathami | Southeast Asia. |
Slaty bunting | Emberiza siemsseni | China. | |
File:Corn Bunting. Miliaria calandra (32291261152).jpg | Corn bunting | Emberiza calandra | Western Europe and North Africa across to northwestern China. |
File:Goldammer Emberiza citrinella.jpg | Yellowhammer | Emberiza citrinella | southeast England and most of Europe east to the northwestern corner of Russia and western Ukraine. |
File:Pine Bunting (Emberiza leucocephalos) - Цагааншанаат хөмрөг (15617685422).jpg | Pine bunting | Emberiza leucocephalos | Asia |
File:Rock Bunting (Cochem).jpg | Rock bunting | Emberiza cia | northwest Africa, southern Europe east to central Asia, and the Himalayas |
File:Godlewski's Bunting (Emberiza godlewskii) (16804118611) (cropped).jpg | Godlewski's bunting | Emberiza godlewskii | China, Pakistan, India, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Myanmar, and Russia. |
File:Meadow bunting(Emberiza cioides)ホオジロ.jpg | Meadow bunting | Emberiza cioides | southern Siberia, northern and eastern China, eastern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Korea and Japan. |
File:White-capped Bunting (Emberiza stewarti) (47269056742).jpg | White-capped bunting | Emberiza stewarti | Afghanistan, India, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. |
Jankowski's bunting | Emberiza jankowskii | Russian Far East, Manchuria and far northeastern Korea | |
File:Grey necked Bunting at Rajkot.jpg | Grey-necked bunting | Emberiza buchanani | Caspian Sea to the Altai Mountains in Central Asia |
File:090508-cinereous-bunting-at-Petrified-Forest.jpg | Cinereous bunting | Emberiza cineracea | southern Turkey and southern Iran |
File:Ortolan bunting in Sierra de Guara, Aragon, Spain.jpg | Ortolan bunting | Emberiza hortulana | European countries and western Asia |
File:Emberiza caesia.jpg | Cretzschmar's bunting | Emberiza caesia | Greece, Turkey, Cyprus and the Levant. |
File:Cirl bunting cropped.jpg | Cirl bunting | Emberiza cirlus | southern Europe, on the Mediterranean islands and in north Africa |
File:Striolated Bunting (Emberiza striolata) (24769786507).jpg | Striolated bunting | Emberiza striolata | Chad, east through south-west Asia to north-western India, Africa |
File:11)faune d'El kantara(Algerie).jpg | House bunting | Emberiza sahari | northwestern Africa from Morocco south to Mali and east to Chad. |
File:Lark-like bunting (Emberiza impetuani impetuani) 2.jpg | Lark-like bunting | Emberiza impetuani | Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. |
File:Emberiza tahapisi by Derek Keats.jpg | Cinnamon-breasted bunting | Emberiza tahapisi | mainland sub-Saharan Africa |
File:Gosling's Bunting, Poli, Cameroon (5891148053).jpg | Gosling's bunting | Emberiza goslingi | Mauritania and Senegal to south-western Sudan and north-eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. |
Socotra bunting | Emberiza socotrana | Yemen | |
File:Cape Bunting, Emberiza capensis at Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve, Gauteng, South Africa.jpg | Cape bunting | Emberiza capensis | southern Africa from south-western Angola, eastern Zambia, Zimbabwe and southern Tanzania to the Cape. |
File:Tristram's Bunting 9849 (cropped).jpg | Tristram's bunting | Emberiza tristrami | eastern Manchuria and the Russian Far East and winters in central and southern China. |
File:Chestnut-eared Bunting - Nainital, Uttarakhand, India (14979940218).jpg | Chestnut-eared bunting | Emberiza fucata | the Himalayas locally across China to south-eastern Siberia, Korea and northern Japan |
File:Zwergammer.jpg | Little bunting | Emberiza pusilla | north-east of Europe and northern Eurosiberia to the Russian Far East and northern India, southern China and the northern parts of south-east Asia. |
File:Yellow-browed bunting (Emberiza chrysophrys) Eocheong Island Korea 2012.jpg | Yellow-browed bunting | Emberiza chrysophrys | eastern Siberia, China |
File:Kashiradaka-01.jpg | Rustic bunting | Emberiza rustica | south-east Asia, Japan, Korea, and eastern China. |
File:Emberiza elegans male s3.JPG | Yellow-throated bunting | Emberiza elegans | China, Japan, Korea, Myanmar, Russia, and Taiwan. |
File:Yellow-breasted bunting in Nepal 02 -Cropped.jpg | Yellow-breasted bunting | Emberiza aureola | Finland to Bering Sea migrating to Indochina |
File:Bunting, Somali Golden-breasted (cropped).jpg | Somali bunting | Emberiza poliopleura | Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda |
File:Emberiza flaviventris -Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Game Reserve, South Africa-8.jpg | Golden-breasted bunting | Emberiza flaviventris | Africa south of the Sahara |
File:Brown-rumped Bunting - Gambia (32496573672).jpg | Brown-rumped bunting | Emberiza affinis | Senegal to Sudan and Uganda |
File:Emberiza cabanisi cognominata, Menongue, Birding Weto, a (cropped).jpg | Cabanis's bunting | Emberiza cabanisi | sub-Saharan Africa |
File:Emberiza rutila - Rötelammer, Weibchen 172845812.jpg | Chestnut bunting | Emberiza rutila | Siberia, northern Mongolia and north-eastern China. |
File:Emberiza koslowi 367800246.jpg | Tibetan bunting | Emberiza koslowi | Tibet |
File:28-090504-black-headed-bunting-at-first-layby.jpg | Black-headed bunting | Emberiza melanocephala | Japan, China, Hong Kong, Thailand, Laos, South Korea and Malaysia |
File:Red-headed bunting (Emberiza bruniceps) Photograph by Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg | Red-headed bunting | Emberiza bruniceps | Asia-Afghanistan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia; Russian Federation (European Russia, Central Asian Russia), Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. |
File:Yellow Bunting.jpg | Yellow bunting | Emberiza sulphurata | Japan |
File:Black-faced bunting(Emberiza spodocephala)アオジ.jpg | Black-faced bunting | Emberiza spodocephala | southern Siberia across to northern China. |
File:Emberiza spodocephala.jpg | Masked bunting | Emberiza personata | Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands, and Japan. |
File:Emberiza variabilis (male s2).JPG | Grey bunting | Emberiza variabilis | Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Kuril Islands and northern Japan |
File:Emberiza pallasi (10) (cropped).jpg | Pallas's reed bunting | Emberiza pallasi | northeast European Russia, north Kamchatka |
File:A Japanese reed bunting (cropped).jpg | Ochre-rumped bunting | Emberiza yessoensis | eastern Mongolia, northeast China and Ussuriland |
File:Common reed bunting (emberiza schoeniclus) m.jpg | Common reed bunting | Emberiza schoeniclus | Europe |
Extinct species have been described:<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
- † Long-legged bunting (Emberiza alcoveri) (Late Quaternary)
- † Emberiza shaamarica (Late Pliocene of Central Asia)<ref name="researchgate.net">Template:Cite journal</ref>
- † Emberiza polgardiensis (Upper Miocene of Hungary)
- † Emberiza media (Pliocene of Hungary)
- † Emberiza parva (Pliocene of Hungary)
- †Emberiza gaspariskii (Pliocene of Hungary)
- †Emberiza bartoki (Middle Miocene of Hungary) (Nomen dubium) <ref name="researchgate.net"/>
Emberiza pannonica from the upper Miocene of Hungary is also referred to this genus, but was later found to be a member of Muscicapidae.<ref name="researchgate.net"/>
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
Buntings and Sparrows – A Guide to the Buntings and North American Sparrows by Urban Olsson and Jon Curson, illustrated by Clive Byers (1995) Template:ISBN
External linksEdit
- Bunting videos, photos and sounds on the Internet Bird Collection
- Template:Cite AmCyc