Episteme

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In philosophy, Template:Transliteration (Template:Langx; Template:Langx) is knowledge or understanding. The term epistemology (the branch of philosophy concerning knowledge) is derived from Template:Transliteration.

History

File:Efez Celsus Library 5 RB.jpg

Personification of Episteme in Celsus Library in Ephesus, Turkey.

Plato

Template:Seealso Plato, following Xenophanes, contrasts Template:Transliteration with Template:Transliteration: common belief or opinion.<ref>Template:LSJ.</ref> The term Template:Transliteration is also distinguished from Template:Transliteration: a craft or applied practice.<ref>Template:LSJ.</ref> In the Protagoras, Plato's Socrates notes that Template:Transliteration and Template:Transliteration are prerequisites for prudence (Template:Transliteration).

Aristotle

Aristotle distinguished between five virtues of thought: Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration, and Template:Transliteration, with Template:Transliteration translating as "craft" or "art" and Template:Transliteration as "knowledge".<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> A full account of Template:Transliteration is given in Posterior Analytics, where Aristotle argues that knowledge of necessary, rather than contingent, truths regarding causation is foundational for Template:Transliteration. To emphasize the necessity, he uses geometry. Notably, Aristotle uses the notion of cause (Template:Transliteration) in a broader sense than contemporary thought. For example, understanding how geometrical axioms lead to a theorem about properties of triangles counts as understanding the cause of the proven property of the right triangle. As a result, Template:Transliteration is a virtue of thought that deals with what cannot be otherwise, while Template:Transliteration and Template:Transliteration deal with what is contingent.<ref>Template:Multiref2</ref>

Contemporary interpretations

Michel Foucault

For Foucault, an {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is the guiding unconsciousness of subjectivity within a given epoch – subjective parameters which form an historical a priori.<ref name=OrderThings>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp He uses the term {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}) in his The Order of Things, in a specialized sense to mean the historical, non-temporal, a priori knowledge that grounds truth and discourses, thus representing the condition of their possibility within a particular epoch. In the book, Foucault describes {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}:Template:R

In any given culture and at any given moment, there is always only one {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} that defines the conditions of possibility of all knowledge, whether expressed in a theory or silently invested in a practice.

In subsequent writings, he makes it clear that several {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} may co-exist and interact at the same time, being parts of various power-knowledge systems.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Foucault attempts to demonstrate the constitutive limits of discourse, and in particular, the rules enabling their productivity; however, Foucault maintains that, though ideology may infiltrate and form science, it need not do so: it must be demonstrated how ideology actually forms the science in question; contradictions and lack of objectivity are not an indicator of ideology.<ref>Template:Multiref2</ref> Jean Piaget has compared Foucault's use of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} with Thomas Kuhn's notion of a paradigm.<ref>Template:Citation.</ref>

See also

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