Erastus Corning

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Erastus Corning (December 14, 1794 – April 9, 1872) was an American businessman and politician from Albany, New York. A Democrat, he was most notable for his service as mayor of Albany from 1834 to 1837, in the New York State Senate from 1842 to 1845, and in the United States House of Representatives from 1857 to 1859, and from 1861 to 1863.

A native of Norwich, Connecticut, Corning moved to Troy, New York, when he was 13 so he could be trained for a career as a merchant. He worked as a clerk in his uncle's hardware store for six years, then moved to Albany, New York, to work for the retail business owned by James Spencer. Corning eventually became the senior partner in the enterprise, which he combined with businesses he inherited from his uncle to create Erastus Corning & Co. The Corning company sold ironware, including tools and farm implements, nails, stoves, parts for railroad cars, and rails for railroads. John V. L. Pruyn married Corning's niece Harriet, and Pruyn and Corning became partners in a variety of business ventures and investments. Under Corning's leadership, several local and regional railways were combined in the early 1850s to form the New York Central Railroad, and Corning served as its first president.

Corning was involved in politics as a Democrat, and served as Albany's mayor from 1834 to 1837. He was a member of the state senate from 1842 to 1845. In 1856 he was elected to Congress, and he served one term, 1857 to 1859. In 1860, he was again elected to the U.S. House, and he served a partial term, March 1861 to October 1863. Corning was a delegate to the 1860 Democratic National Convention and to the Peace Conference of 1861, which attempted to prevent the American Civil War. Though he was a Democrat and President Abraham Lincoln was a Republican, once the war started, Corning supported the Union while also criticizing what he viewed as the Lincoln administration's excesses.

After leaving Congress, Corning began to wind down his business and political activities. He left the presidency of the New York Central in 1865, and focused much of his attention on speculating in and developing land he had purchased in the western states. He served as a delegate to the 1867 state constitutional convention. He died in Albany on April 8, 1872, and was buried at Albany Rural Cemetery.

Early lifeEdit

Corning was born in Norwich, Connecticut, the son of Bliss Corning and Lucinda (Smith) Corning.<ref name="Fitch">Template:Cite book</ref> At age two, Corning fell from his crib and injured a hip, which required him to walk with crutches.<ref name="Reitano">Template:Cite book</ref> He was unable to walk unaided for more than a few steps, but this physical limitation was generally not referred to in the press.<ref name="Reitano"/> As an adult, he taught himself to walk with a cane, which enabled him to rely less on his crutches.<ref name="Reitano"/>

Corning attended academies in Norwich and Chatham, New York, and moved to Troy, New York, at the age of thirteen to clerk in the hardware store of his uncle, Benjamin Smith.<ref name="Fitch"/><ref name="Reynolds">Template:Cite book</ref> Six years later he moved to Albany, New York, where he joined the mercantile business of James Spencer.<ref name="Fitch"/> After some time at Spencer's firm, Corning became a partner, and the senior partner upon Spencer's death in 1824.<ref name="Fitch"/> Corning combined the Spencer firm with holdings he inherited from his uncle to form Erastus Corning & Co.<ref name="Fitch"/> John V. L. Pruyn was married to Harriet Corning Turner, who was Erastus Corning's niece.<ref name="Pruyn">Template:Cite news</ref> As a result of this family connection, Corning and Pruyn were often partners in business ventures and investments, which grew to include insurance, banking, land speculation, and land development.<ref name="Pruyn"/>

Erastus Corning & Co.Edit

File:Erastus Corning I by Charles Loring Elliott, 1864, oil on canvas - Albany Institute of History and Art - DSC08115.JPG

Portrait of Corning circa 1840-1845

Erastus Corning & Co. bought and sold all types iron products, including tools, nails, stoves, farming implements, and eventually railroad track rails and railroad car parts.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The company had a wharf and warehouse on the Hudson River in Albany, and the store served not only Albany and the surrounding towns, but hundreds of large customers from the west who visited Albany only two or three times a year to buy and sell products, restock their own supplies, and see what new items were for sale.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Corning also invested in banks and insurance companies.Template:Sfn He purchased the Albany Rolling and Slitting Mill, renamed it the Albany Nail Factory, and used it to corner the market on numerous iron products he sold at his store.Template:Sfn The Albany Nail Factory eventually became the Rensselaer Iron Works, which under Corning's guidance installed the first Bessemer converter in the United States.Template:Sfn

By the time he was 40, Corning had helped found the Albany City Bank, of which he served as president until his death.Template:Sfn He had also been appointed to the board of regents for the University of the State of New York, begun speculating on land in western New York, including what are now the town of Corning and city of Corning.Template:Sfn A Democrat, Corning also served a term as an Albany alderman beginning in 1828, then served as mayor from 1834 until 1837.<ref name="Fitch"/><ref name="Reynolds"/>

RailroadsEdit

File:Erastus Corning, Representative from New York, Thirty-fifth Congress, half-length portrait LCCN2010649237.jpg

Corning during his first Congressional term in 1859

As an iron dealer, Corning saw the potential of railroads as both a consumer and distributor of his products.Template:Sfn When the Utica and Schenectady Railroad was chartered in 1833, Corning was a major investor and served as president and a member of the board of directors.Template:Sfn Corning was also a shareholder in and president of the smaller Mohawk and Hudson Railroad.<ref name="Ghosts">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1851, the two roads were reorganized as the Mohawk Valley Railroad, of which Corning was president.<ref name="Ghosts"/>

Corning remained active in politics, and was a member of the New York State Senate from 1842 to 1845, sitting in the 65th, 66th, 67th and 68th New York State Legislatures.<ref name="Fitch"/> His time in state politics convinced him that the system of local and regional railroads covering upstate New York was inefficient and could be made far more profitable by consolidation.Template:Sfn In an effort to create efficiencies that would improve profitability, Corning began planning the New York Central Railroad, what eventually became the largest corporation in America.Template:Sfn Corning was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1848 and again in 1852.<ref name="Reynolds"/>

In 1853, Corning succeeded in persuading shareholders and executives of six functioning railroads and two that had been planned but were not yet constructed to agree to a plan for consolidating their companies.Template:Sfn Corning was the main lobbyist who pursued approval by the New York State Legislature.Template:Sfn Though he was a Democrat, Corning appealed for help to Thurlow Weed, the leader of New York's Whigs, who controlled the state government.Template:Sfn Thanks to the efforts of Corning and Weed, the legislature passed the Consolidation Act on April 2, 1853.Template:Sfn As the largest shareholder in the new company, Corning became its first president.Template:Sfn He remained in the post for twelve years, during which the New York Central's expansion and connections with other railways gave it access to cities from New York City to Chicago, which made it one of the country's most important railroads.Template:Sfn

Corning amassed a significant fortune, and used it to invest in land as far west as Wisconsin and Iowa.Template:Sfn He bought large shares in the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad and the Michigan Central Railroad, and was the largest shareholder in and president of the St. Mary's Falls Ship Canal Company.Template:Sfn The canal company constructed the canal and locks on the St. Mary's River at Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, which connected Lake Superior with Lake Huron.Template:Sfn The canal company received 750,000 acres (3035 km²) of land in the west; which included 100,000 acres (400 km²) for Corning.Template:Sfn

File:Hon. Erastus Corning, N.Y - NARA - 528643.jpg

Hon. Erastus Corning

Civil WarEdit

In 1856 Corning was elected to the 35th Congress, and he served one term, March 4, 1857, to March 3, 1859.<ref name="Miller">Template:Cite book</ref> He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1858, but was elected to a second term in 1860.<ref name="Miller"/> He served in the 37th Congress from March 4, 1861, until resigning on October 5, 1863.<ref name="Fitch"/>

Corning was a delegate to the 1860 Democratic National Convention.<ref name="Miller"/> In 1861, he was a delegate to the Peace Congress in Washington, D.C.<ref name="Fitch"/> Though he was a Democrat, once the American Civil War began, he supported the Union while also criticizing what he viewed as the excesses of Republican President Abraham Lincoln's administration.<ref name="Miller"/> He resigned his seat in Congress before the end of his second term because of failing health and because of his disagreements with Lincoln's prosecution of the war.<ref name="Miller"/> In February 1863, Corning was the Democratic caucus nominee for U.S. Senator from New York, but Republicans controlled the state legislature, and Corning was defeated by Republican Edwin D. Morgan, 86 votes to 70, with one cast for John Adams Dix and one for Daniel S. Dickinson.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In the spring of 1863, Corning organized a public meeting on Lincoln's conduct, which passed resolutions in support of the Union but was critical of several Lincoln policies, including military arrests rather than civilian court trials for individuals accused of desertion or avoiding military conscription.<ref name="Vile">Template:Cite book</ref> Lincoln replied in a lengthy letter that set out his views on what the Constitution allowed a president to do during wartime.<ref name="Vile"/> In the reply, Lincoln argued for the necessity of arresting anti-government agitators including Clement Vallandigham, famously asking "Must I shoot a simple-minded deserter, while I must not touch a hair of a wily agitator who induces him to desert?"<ref name="Vile"/>

Despite disagreeing with Lincoln on how to prosecute the war, Corning fully supported the effort to maintain the Union.<ref name="Roberts">Template:Cite book</ref> When the United States Navy decided to pursue construction of ironclad ships in 1862, John Ericsson contracted with Corning's partners John F. Winslow and John Augustus Griswold to manufacture parts and materials for USS Monitor.<ref name="Roberts"/>

Later yearsEdit

File:Erastus Corning by Charles Loring Elliott, 1864, oil on canvas - Albany Institute of History and Art - DSC08109.JPG

Portrait of Corning later in life

From the mid-1860s on, Corning reduced the scope of his business dealings, though he remained as president of the Albany City Bank and its successor, and continued as vice chancellor of the University of the State of New York Board of Regents.<ref name="Reynolds"/> He died at his home in Albany on April 8, 1872.<ref name="Reynolds"/> Corning was buried at Albany Rural Cemetery.<ref name="Reynolds"/>

FamilyEdit

File:Harriet Weld (Mrs. Erastus) Corning by Edward S. Bartholomew, view 1, 1856, marble - Albany Institute of History and Art - DSC08035.JPG

1856 sculpture of Harriet Weld Corning

In 1819, Corning married Harriet Weld (1794-1883).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> They were the parents of five children:Template:Sfn

Benjamin (1820-1821)
John (1823-1833)
Erastus Jr. (1827-1897)
Joseph (1829-1830)
Edwin (1836-1871)

After Corning's death, his son Erastus Corning Jr. (1827-1897) succeeded to management of Corning's business interests.Template:Sfn He did not manage them successfully, but after his death his sons Edwin and Parker succeeded in restoring the family's wealth.Template:Sfn Both were active in politics as Democrats, and helped found a party organization that ran Albany and the surrounding Albany County for decades.Template:Sfn Edwin Corning served as lieutenant governor of New York from 1927 to 1928, and Parker Corning served in the United States House of Representatives from 1923 to 1937.Template:Sfn

Corning's great-grandsons, Edwin Corning's sons Erastus 2nd and Edwin Jr., were also active in Albany-area business and politics.Template:Sfn Edwin Jr. served in the New York State Assembly from 1955 to 1959, and Erastus 2nd was mayor of Albany for over 40 years, from 1941 to 1983.Template:Sfn

LegacyEdit

The Erastus Corning I papers are included in the collections of the Albany Institute of History & Art.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>