Erythronium

Erythronium, the fawn lily, trout lily, dog's-tooth violet or adder's tongue, is a genus of Eurasian and North American plants in the lily family,<ref>Template:Jepson Manual</ref><ref>Template:EFloras</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Clennett, J.C.B. (2006). A taxonomic revision of Erythronium L. (Liliaceae): 1-290. Thesis, Open University, Ardingly, U.K.</ref><ref>Clennett, C. (2014). The genus Erythronium: 1-158. Kew Publishing, Kew.</ref> most closely related to tulips.<ref name="fna">Template:EFloras</ref> The name Erythronium derives from Ancient Greek Template:Wikt-lang (Template:Grc-tr) "red" in Greek, referring to the red flowers of E. dens-canis.<ref name="fna" /> Of all the established species, most live in North America; only six species are found in Europe and Asia.

Taxonomy

It was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753<ref name = "Tropicos" /><ref name = "Linné, 1753">Linné, Carl von, & Salvius, Lars. (1753). Caroli Linnaei ... Species plantarum :exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas... (Vol. 1, p. 305). Impensis Laurentii Salvii. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358324</ref> with Erythronium dens-canis Template:Small as the type species.<ref name = "Tropicos" />

Species

Erythronium includes about 20–30 species of hardy spring-flowering perennial plants with long, tooth-like bulbs. Slender stems carry pendent flowers with recurved tepals in shades of cream, yellow, pink and mauve. Species are native to forests and meadows in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.<ref name=vi /><ref name=RHSAZ>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:BONAP</ref>

Image	Species	Common name	Distribution
File:Erythronium albidum smith creek.jpg	Erythronium albidum Nutt.	small white fawn-lily, white fawn-lily, white trout-lily, tooth-lily	Ontario, east-central United States (MN to CT south to TX, AL)
File:Bright yellow trout lily erythronium americanum nodding bloom with red stamen.jpg	Erythronium americanum Ker-Gawl.	trout-lily, yellow trout-lily, yellow adder's-tongue, yellow dogtooth violet	Eastern Canada (Ontario to Labrador), Eastern United States (ME to GA, West to Mississippi River)
File:California fawn lily (Erythronium californicum)c (26967403487).jpg	Erythronium californicum Purdy	California fawn-lily	Northern California
File:Kandyk kavkazskii 1.jpg	Erythronium caucasicum Woronow	Caucasian dog's tooth violet	Caucasus, Iran
File:Erythronium citrinum.jpg	Erythronium citrinum S. Wats.	cream fawn-lily	Oregon, Northern California
File:Erythronium dens-canis (39917014055).jpg	Erythronium dens-canis L.	dog's-tooth violet	Southern, Central Europe from Portugal to Ukraine
	Erythronium elegans Hammond & Chambers	Coast Range fawn-lily	Oregon
File:Erythronium grandiflorum 5077.JPG	Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh	dogtooth lily, glacier lily, yellow avalanche-lily, yellow fawn-lily	western Canada, western United States
File:Erythronium helenae.jpg	Erythronium helenae Applegate	Pacific fawn-lily	California (Sonoma, Napa, Lake Cos.)
File:Erythronium hendersonii emerging - Flickr - brewbooks.jpg	Erythronium hendersonii S. Wats.	Henderson's fawn-lily	Oregon, Northern California
	Erythronium howellii S. Wats.	Howell's fawn-lily	Oregon, Northern California
	Erythronium idahoense H.St.John & G.N.Jones -	Idaho fawn-lily	Montana, Idaho, Washington state
File:仙元山のカタクリ.jpg	Erythronium japonicum Decne.	katakuri	Japan, Korea, Russia (Kuril Islands, Sakhalin), China (Jilin, Liaoning)
File:Fawn lily cllrs.jpg	Erythronium klamathense Applegate	Klamath fawn-lily	Oregon, Northern California
	Erythronium krylovii Stepanov	Tuvan trout-lily	Russia (Tuva, Krasnoyarsk)
File:Erythronium mesochoreum bloom.jpg	Erythronium mesochoreum Knerr	midland fawn-lily, white fawn-lily	Central United States (TX to NE, IN)
File:Avalanche Lily (c1f92f483eb44969b80c27577f433891).JPG	Erythronium montanum S. Wats.	avalanche lily, white avalanche-lily	BC, Washington state, Oregon
File:J20170309-0006—Erythronium multiscapideum 'Cliftonii'—RPBG (32611414983).jpg	Erythronium multiscapideum (Kellogg) A. Nels. & Kennedy	Sierra fawn-lily	California
File:Erythronium oregonum 5581.JPG	Erythronium oregonum Applegate	giant white fawn-lily	BC, Washington, California, Oregon
	Erythronium pluriflorum Shevock, Bartel & G.A.Allen	manyflower fawn-lily	Madera Co in California
File:Erythronium propullans.jpg	Erythronium propullans Gray	dwarf trout-lily	Minnesota
File:Erythronium purpurascens 01.jpg	Erythronium purpurascens S. Wats.	purple fawn-lily	California
File:Erythronium pusaterii (Kaweah Lakes fawnlily) (6734524353).jpg	Erythronium pusaterii (Munz & J.T. Howell) Shevock, Bartel & G.A.Allen	Kaweah Lakes fawn-lily	Tulare Co in California
	Erythronium quinaultense G.A.Allen	Olympic fawn-lily	Olympic Peninsula in Washington state
File:N20150319-0024—Erythronium revolutum—RPBG (16245943554).jpg	Erythronium revolutum Sm.	mahogany fawn-lily	BC, Washington state, Oregon, California
File:Erythronium rostratum Arkansas.jpg	Erythronium rostratum W.Wolf	yellow trout-lily	south-central United States
File:Erythronium sajanense IMG 0913.jpg	Erythronium sajanense Stepanov & Stassova		Krasnoyarsk in Russia
File:Цветение кандыка сибирского.jpg	Erythronium sibiricum (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Krylov	Siberian fawn-lily	Siberia, Kazakhstan, Xinjiang, Mongolia
File:Erythronium sulevii 31188317.jpg	Erythronium sulevii (Rukšans) Stepanov		Altay Krai in Russia
File:Erythronium taylorii jhaas lg.jpg	Erythronium taylorii Shevock & G.A.Allen	Taylor's fawn-lily	Tuolumne Co California
File:Erythronium tuolumnense White Beauty. Locatie, Tuinreservaat Jonkervallei 02.jpg	Erythronium tuolumnense Applegate	Tuolumne fawn-lily	Tuolumne Co in California
File:Trout lily pair square.jpg	Erythronium umbilicatum Parks & Hardin	dimpled trout-lily	southeastern United States (Florida to Kentucky, West Virginia, Maryland)

Formerly included

   {{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B=

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Ambox }} }} Two species names were coined using the name Erythronium but have since been reclassified to other taxa.

• Erythronium carolinianum, now called Uvularia perfoliata
• Erythronium hyacinthoides, now called Drimia indica

Cultivation and uses

Erythroniums are widely grown as ornamental plants, with numerous hybrids and cultivars having been selected for garden use. Popular cultivars include Erythronium 'Pagoda', E. 'Sundisc', E. 'Joanna', E. 'Kondo', E. 'Citronella', E. californicum 'White Beauty', and E. 'Rosalind'. Propagation is best by seed in autumn or by division of bulbs, depending on species. Some species propagate vegetatively. The plant is also great as a ground cover, as it will spread over several years.

Erythroniums are woodland plants and require rich soil, full of organic matter. Soil should be evenly moist and slightly acidic. They prefer shade or filtered sunlight.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The following cultivars, of mixed ancestry, have won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

• 'Apple Blossom' <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> (white with yellow centre)

• 'Janice' <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> (pink)

• 'Joanna' <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> (cream/pale yellow throat)

• 'Pagoda' <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> (cream yellow)

• 'Sundisc'<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> (yellow)

• 'Wildside Seedling' <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> (white/yellow) The bulb is edible as a root vegetable, cooked or dried, and can be ground into flour. The leaves can also be cooked as a leaf vegetable. In Japan, Erythronium japonicum is called katakuri, and the bulb is processed to produce starch, which is used for food and other purposes.

See also

• List of plants known as lily

Bibliography

• {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}

• Template:Cite journal