Esperanza Base

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Esperanza Base (Template:Langx, 'Hope Base') is a permanent, all-year-round Argentine research station in Hope Bay, Trinity Peninsula (in Graham Land on the Antarctic Peninsula). It is the only civilian settlement on the Antarctic mainland (the Chilean Villa Las Estrellas is on the South Shetland Islands). The base's motto is Permanencia, un acto de sacrificio ('Permanence, an act of sacrifice').

DescriptionEdit

File:Esperanza Station anta0060.jpg

Esperanza Base seen from Hope Bay

Built in 1953,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the base houses 56 inhabitants in winter, including 10 families and 2 school teachers. Provincial school #38 Presidente Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín (formerly named Julio Argentino Roca) was founded in 1978 and acquired independent status in 1997. It maintains the furthest South Scout troop. The base has an Argentine civil register office where births and weddings are recorded.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The base has tourist facilities that are visited by about 1,100 tourists each year.

The LRA 36 Radio Nacional Arcángel San Gabriel radio station started transmitting in 1979 and currently broadcasts on 15476 kHz shortwave and 96.7 MHz FM. It is one of the southernmost radio stations in the world and its range signal includes audio identification in multiple languages.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The host of "Panorama Nacional" Marcelo Ayala told at the beginning of 2024 about his life experience and broadcast by LRA36 Radio Nacional Arcángel San Gabriel.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

A wind generator was installed in 2008, mounted by INVAP.<ref>Template:Cite AV media Template:Cbignore</ref>

The 43 buildings of the station have a combined space of Template:Convert covered;<ref>Google Earth satellite images</ref> Template:Convert of fuel are used annually by the four generators to produce electricity for the station. Research projects include: glaciology, seismology, oceanography, coastal ecology, biology, geology, and limnology.

In the Hope Bay incident in 1952, this area was also the scene of the only shots fired in anger in Antarctica, when an Argentine shore party fired a machine gun over the heads of a Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey team unloading supplies from the John Biscoe to rebuild its damaged base. Following the Argentine show of force, the British team returned to the Falkland Islands. Shortly afterwards, Argentina issued a diplomatic apology, saying there had been a misunderstanding and the military commander on the ground had exceeded his authority. Despite this initial outward show of deference, the party was later welcomed back to Argentina with a hero's welcome. In the meantime, the John Biscoe had returned from the Falklands with a military escort and completed rebuilding the British base.<ref name="Beck, 2014">Template:Cite book</ref> The Antarctic Treaty of 1959 now treats the continent as a laboratory open to all, and provides that "no acts or activities ... shall constitute a basis for asserting, supporting or denying a claim to territorial sovereignty."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

PeopleEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The base was the birthplace of Emilio Palma, the first person to be born in Antarctica. There have been at least ten other children born at the base.<ref>60 años de Base Esperanza Template:Webarchive - Fundación Marambio</ref><ref>El primer antártico es argentino Template:Webarchive - Fundación Marambio</ref>

ClimateEdit

Like the rest of the Antarctic Peninsula, the base has a polar climate characterized by strong winds that descend downwards from the Antarctic ice sheet.<ref name = SMNclima>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> These winds can exceed Template:Convert, leading to blowing snow and reduced visibility.<ref name=SMNclima/> The climate is classified as a polar tundra (ET) climate in the Köppen system.<ref name=Peel>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Mean monthly temperatures range from Template:Convert in July, the coldest month, to Template:Convert in January, the warmest month.<ref name=SMNclima/> During summer (December–February), the average high is between Template:Convert while the average low is between Template:Convert.<ref name=SMNclima/> In winter, mean temperatures are around Template:Convert.<ref name=SMNclima/> A temperature of Template:Convert was recorded on 24 March 2015.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This reading was the highest temperature ever recorded on mainland Antarctica and its surrounding islands, until on 6 February 2020, a new high of Template:Convert was recorded at the base, being the current record and considered by the World Meteorological Organization to be the highest temperature ever recorded for mainland Antarctica and its surrounding islands.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=WMOantarctica>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The lowest temperature ever recorded is Template:Convert on 18 July 1994.<ref name=meteoclimat/>

The temperature trend since 1948 is +0.0315 °C/yr (+0.0567 °F/yr) (annual), +0.0413 °C/yr (+0.0743 °F/yr) (winter) and +0.0300 °C/yr (+0.0540 °F/yr) (summer).

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Historic siteEdit

Template:Infobox lighthouse Template:Css Image Crop

A group of items or structures of historic significance at, or close to, the base have been designated a Historic Site or Monument (HSM 40), following a proposal by Argentina to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting. These comprise a bust of General San Martin, a grotto with a statue of the Virgin of Lujan, a flagpole erected in 1955, and a cemetery with a stele commemorating Argentine expedition members who died in the area.<ref name=atcm>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

General Martín Güemes RefugeEdit

Refuge General Martín Güemes is the name given to two shelters in Antarctica. The first one is covered by ice, the second one is active. The refuge is Administered by the Argentine Army and depends on Esperanza Base, which is responsible for maintenance and care. The two refuges are located on the Tabarin Peninsula on the eastern tip of the Trinity Peninsula on the Antarctic Peninsula Template:Convert south of Esperanza. The refuges pay homage to Martín Miguel de Güemes, a military man who served an outstanding role in the Argentine war of independence.

General Martín Güemes I RefugeEdit

The first refuge Template:Coord was located on the north east coast of the Duse Bay of the Trinity Peninsula and opened on October 23, 1953. Template:Ill, at that time head of the newly created Esperanza Base, participated in its construction, being one of the first refuges installed by the Army and the second in the continental Antarctica. The refuge was destroyed by the ice in 1960.

General Martín Güemes II RefugeEdit

The second refuge Template:Coord is active and is located in the Tabarin Peninsula and was inaugurated on September 15, 1959. It has capacity for six people, food for a month, fuel, gas and a first aid kit.<ref>es:Refugio General Martín Güemes</ref>Template:Circular reference