Exile
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Exile or banishment is primarily penal expulsion from one's native country, and secondarily expatriation or prolonged absence from one's homeland under either the compulsion of circumstance or the rigors of some high purpose. Usually persons and peoples suffer exile, but sometimes social entities like institutions (e.g. the papacy or a government) are forced from their homeland.
In Roman law, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} denoted both voluntary exile and banishment as a capital punishment alternative to death. Deportation was forced exile, and entailed the lifelong loss of citizenship and property. Relegation was a milder form of deportation, which preserved the subject's citizenship and property.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
The term diaspora describes group exile, both voluntary and forced. "Government in exile" describes a government of a country that has relocated and argues its legitimacy from outside that country. Voluntary exile is often depicted as a form of protest by the person who claims it, to avoid persecution and prosecution (such as tax or criminal allegations), an act of shame or repentance, or isolating oneself to be able to devote time to a particular pursuit.
Article 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that "No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile."
Internal exileEdit
Template:Expand section Internal exile is a form of banishment within the boundaries of one's homeland, but far away from home.
For individualsEdit
Exiled heads of stateEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} In some cases the deposed head of state is allowed to go into exile following a coup or other change of government, allowing a more peaceful transition to take place or to escape justice.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Avoiding tax or legal mattersEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} A wealthy citizen who moves to a jurisdiction with lower taxes is termed a tax exile. Creative people such as authors and musicians who achieve sudden wealth sometimes choose this. Examples include the British-Canadian writer Arthur Hailey, who moved to the Bahamas to avoid taxes following the runaway success of his novels Hotel and Airport,<ref>Stevie Cameron, Blue Trust: The Author, The Lawyer, His Wife, And Her Money, 1998</ref> and the English rock band the Rolling Stones who, in the spring of 1971, owed more in taxes than they could pay and left Britain before the government could seize their assets. Members of the band all moved to France for a period of time where they recorded music for the album that came to be called Exile on Main Street, the Main Street of the title referring to the French Riviera.<ref>Robert Greenfield, Exile on Main Street: A Season in Hell with the Rolling Stones, 2008.</ref> In 2012, Eduardo Saverin, one of the founders of Facebook, made headlines by renouncing his U.S. citizenship before his company's IPO.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The dual Brazilian/U.S. citizen's decision to move to Singapore and renounce his citizenship spurred a bill in the U.S. Senate, the Ex-PATRIOT Act, which would have forced such wealthy tax exiles to pay a special tax in order to re-enter the United States.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In some cases a person voluntarily lives in exile to avoid legal issues, such as litigation or criminal prosecution. An example of this is Asil Nadir, who fled to the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus for 17 years rather than face prosecution in connection with the failed £1.7 bn company Polly Peck in the United Kingdom.
Avoiding violence or persecution, or in the aftermath of warEdit
Examples include:
- Iraqi academics asked to return home "from exile" to help rebuild Iraq in 2009<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
- People undertaking a religious or civil liberties role in society may be forced into exile due to threat of persecution. For example, in Czechoslovakia, nuns were internally exiled to small villages along the northern border that had been stripped of their original German populations (such as Bílá Voda) following the Communist coup d'état of 1948.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- Thibaw Min and Supayalat were exiled to India after Third Anglo-Burmese War, named Pataw Mu.
Euphemism for convictEdit
Exile, government man and assigned servant were all euphemisms used in the 19th century for convicts under sentence who had been transported from Britain to Australia.<ref>Morris, Edward E., (1898, reprinted 1973), A dictionary of Austral English, Sydney, Sydney University Press, pp. 140, 166. Template:ISBN</ref>
For groups, nations, and governmentsEdit
Nation in exileEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} When a large group, or occasionally a whole people or nation is exiled, it can be said that this nation is in exile, or "diaspora". Nations that have been in exile for substantial periods include the Israelites by the Assyrian king Sargon II in 720 BCE, the Judeans who were deported by Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II in 586 BC, and the Jews following the destruction of the second Temple in Jerusalem in AD 70. Jewish prayers include a yearning to return to Jerusalem and the Land of Israel,<ref>Peter Richardson, Herod: King of the Jews and Friend of the Romans, Univ. of South Carolina Press, 1996, p.98-99</ref> such as "Next Year in Jerusalem".
After the Partitions of Poland in the late 18th century, and following the uprisings (like Kościuszko Uprising, November Uprising and January Uprising) against the partitioning powers (Russia, Prussia and Austria), many Poles have chosen – or been forced – to go into exile, forming large diasporas (known as Polonia), especially in France and the United States.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The entire population of Crimean Tatars (numbering 200,000 in all) that remained in their homeland of Crimea was exiled on 18 May 1944 to Central Asia as a form of ethnic cleansing and collective punishment on false accusations.<ref name="changonrevison">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Since the Cuban Revolution, over a million Cubans have left Cuba. Most of these self-identified as exiles as their motivation for leaving the island is political in nature. At the time of the Cuban Revolution, Cuba only had a population of 6.5 million, and was not a country that had a history of significant emigration, it being the sixth largest recipient of immigrants in the world as of 1958. Most of the exiles' children also consider themselves to be Cuban exiles. Under Cuban law, children of Cubans born abroad are considered Cuban citizens.<ref name="NorthAmerica">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> An extension of colonial practices, Latin America saw widespread exile, of a political variety, during the 19th and 20th century.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Exiled political groups often develop complex media strategies, including diaspora engagement and investigative reporting, to maintain visibility, mobilise support, and address challenges of operating outside their home country.<ref> Chumakov, A. (2023). Media Strategies of Russian Opposition in Exile: Values, Visibility, and Virtual Mobilisation. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1800879&dswid=-1474 </ref>
Government in exileEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} During a foreign occupation or after a coup d'état, a government in exile of a such afflicted country may be established abroad. One of the most well-known instances of this is the Polish government-in-exile, a government in exile that commanded Polish armed forces operating outside Poland, and the African-based Free French Forces government of Charles de Gaulle during the German Occupation of Poland and France in WWII. Other post-war examples include the client All Palestine Government established by the Egyptian Kingdom, and the Central Tibetan Administration, commonly known as the Tibetan government-in-exile, and headed by the 14th Dalai Lama.
For inanimate objectsEdit
Ivan the Terrible once exiled to Siberia an inanimate object: a bell.<ref>Salisbury, Harrison, "The Key to Moscow," J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia and New York, 1963, page 52.</ref> "When the inhabitants of the town of Uglich rang their bell to rally a demonstration against Ivan the Terrible, the cruel Czar executed two hundred (nobles), and exiled the Uglich bell to Siberia, where it remained for two hundred years."<ref>Salisbury, Harrison, "The Key to Moscow," J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia and New York, Copyright 1963, page 52.</ref>
In popular cultureEdit
DramaEdit
Exile is an early motif in ancient Greek tragedy. In the ancient Greek world, this was seen as a fate worse than death. The motif reaches its peak on the play Medea, written by Euripides in the fifth century BC, and rooted in the very old oral traditions of Greek mythology. Euripides' Medea has remained the most frequently performed Greek tragedy through the 20th century.<ref>Cf. Helene P. Foley: Reimagining Greek Tragedy on the American Stage. University of California Press, 2012, p. 190</ref>
ArtEdit
After Medea was abandoned by Jason and had become a murderess out of revenge, she fled to Athens and married king Aigeus there, and became the stepmother of the hero Theseus. Due to a conflict with him, she must leave the Polis and go away into exile. John William Waterhouse (1849–1917), the English Pre-Raphaelite painter's famous picture Jason and Medea shows a key moment before, when Medea tries to poison Theseus.<ref>Cf. Elisabeth Prettejohn: Art of the Pre-Raphaelites. Princeton University Press, London 2000, pp. 165–207. Template:ISBN</ref>
LiteratureEdit
In ancient Rome, the Roman Senate had the power to declare the exile to individuals, families or even entire regions. One of the Roman victims was the poet Ovid, who lived during the reign of Augustus. He was forced to leave Rome and move away to the city of Tomis on the Black Sea, now Constanța. There he wrote his famous work Tristia (Sorrows) about his bitter feelings in exile.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Another, at least in a temporary exile, was Dante.
The German-language writer Franz Kafka described the exile of Karl Rossmann in the posthumously published novel {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref>Cf. an unabridged reading by Sven Regener: Amerika, Roof Music, Bochum 2014.</ref>
During the period of National Socialism in the first few years after 1933, many Jews, as well as a significant number of German artists and intellectuals fled into exile; for instance, the authors Klaus Mann and Anna Seghers. So Germany's own exile literature emerged and received worldwide credit.<ref>See Martin Mauthner: German Writers in French Exile, 1933–1940, Vallentine Mitchell, London 2007, Template:ISBN.</ref> Klaus Mann finished his novel {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (The Volcano: A Novel Among Emigrants) in 1939<ref>which he started in September 1936, when he came to New York. Cf. Jan Patocka in: Escape to Life. German Intellectuals in New York. A Compendium on Exile after 1933, ed. by Eckart Goebel/Sigrid Weigel. De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston 2012, p. 354. Template:ISBN</ref> describing the German exile scene, "to bring the rich, scattered and murky experience of exile into epic form",<ref>Cf. Klaus Mann: Der Wendepunkt. Ein Lebensbericht. (1949), Frankfurt am Main 2006, p. 514.</ref> as he wrote in his literary balance sheet. At the same place and in the same year, Anna Seghers published her famous novel {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (The Seventh Cross, published in the United States in 1942).
Important exile literature in recent years include that of the Caribbean, many of whose artists emigrated to Europe or the United States for political or economic reasons. These writers include Nobel Prize winners V. S. Naipaul and Derek Walcott as well as the novelists Edwidge Danticat and Sam Selvon.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
See alsoEdit
- Banishment in the Torah
- Ban (law)
- Defection
- Echols County, Georgia, the U.S. state of Georgia has at times banished criminals from all of its counties except this one.
- Émigré
- Minus six – form of exile in the Soviet Union
- Ostracism – procedure under the Athenian democracy
- Outlawry
- Penal colony
- Petalism
- Porcian Laws, the Roman laws granting citizens the right to voluntary exile in place of capital punishment
- Refugee
- Right of asylum (political asylum)
- Shimanagashi
- Category:Exiles by nationality
- Category:Armies in exile
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
- {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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External linksEdit
Template:Sister project Template:Commonscat Template:Sister project
- Without a Country Varied experiences of American and British exiles in the 20th century.