Exurb
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An exurb (or alternately: exurban area) is an area outside the typically denser inner suburban area, at the edge of a metropolitan area, which has some economic and commuting connection to the metro area, low housing-density,<ref> Template:Cite book </ref> and relatively high population-growth.<ref> Template:Cite book </ref> It shapes an interface between urban and rural landscapes, holding a limited urban nature for its functional, economic, and social interaction with the urban center, due to its dominant residential character.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> Exurbs consist of "agglomerations of housing and jobs outside the municipal boundaries of a primary city"<ref>Template:Cite journal "Here the term exurb is taken from the North American planning literature, and is used to designate agglomerations of housing and jobs outside the municipal boundaries of a primary city. Such exurbs may have independent municipal governance."</ref> and beyond the surrounding suburbs.<ref>Template:Cite journal "The GDA was split into four zones each encompassing development at increasing radii from Dublin's city centre, namely: city centre, suburbs, exurbs and commuter towns."</ref>
DefinitionsEdit
The word exurb (a portmanteau of extra (outside) and urban) was coined by Auguste Comte Spectorsky, in his 1955 book The Exurbanites, to describe the ring of prosperous communities beyond the suburbs, that are commuter towns for an urban area.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In other uses the term has expanded to include popular extraurban districts which nonetheless may have poor transportation and underdeveloped economies due to their distance from the urban center.<ref name="Shenjia"/>
Exurbs can be defined in terms of population density across the extended urban area, for example "the urban core (old urban areas including Siming and Huli, where the population density is greater than 51 persons per ha), the suburban zone (old urban and new urban transitional zones including Haicang and Jimei, where the population density is greater than 8 persons per ha), and the exurban areas (newly urbanized areas including Tong'an and Xiang'an, where the population density is less than 8 persons per ha)".<ref name="Ren" /> The mixture of urban and rural environments raises ecological issues.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Ren">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Examples by countryEdit
ChinaEdit
- Changping District, Beijing
- Shunyi District, Beijing
- Shenjia village, Loudi city, Hunan province<ref name="Shenjia">Template:Cite journal</ref>
RussiaEdit
- Rublyovka, Moscow<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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United StatesEdit
Template:See also Since the Finding Exurbia report by the Brookings Institution in 2006, the term is generally usedTemplate:Citation needed for areas beyond suburbs and specifically less densely built and populated than the suburbs to which the exurbs' residents commute.<ref name=b2006>Template:Cite news</ref> To qualify as exurban, a census tract must meet three criteria:<ref name=b2006/>
- Economic connection to a large metropolis.
- Low housing density: bottom third of census tracts with regard to housing density. In 2000, this was a minimum of Template:Convert per resident.
- Population growth exceeding the average for its central metropolitan area.
These are based on published datasets. Alternative approaches include working with Oak Ridge National Laboratory LandScan data and GIS.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
Exurban areas incorporate a mix of rural development (e.g., farms and open space) and in places, suburban-style development (e.g., tracts of single-family homes, though usually on large lots). In long-settled areas, such as the U.S. Northeast megalopolis, exurban areas incorporate pre-existing towns, villages and smaller cities, as well as strips of older single-family homes built along pre-existing roads that connected the older population centers of what was once a rural area. The Brookings Institution listed exurban counties, defined as having at least 20% of their residents in exurban Census tracts.<ref name=b2006/>