Ezra Stiles

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Ezra Stiles (Template:OldStyleDate – May 12, 1795)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Holmes, Abiel (1798). The Life of Ezra Stiles ... President of Yale College, p. 9.</ref> was an American educator, academic, Congregationalist minister, theologian, and author. He is noted as the seventh president of Yale College (1778–1795) and one of the founders of Brown University.<ref>Welch, Lewis et al. (1899). Yale, Her Campus, Class-rooms, and Athletics, p. 445.</ref><ref>Edmund S Morgan, The Gentle Puritan: A Life of Ezra Stiles, 1727–1795 (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1962), 205.</ref> According to religious historian Timothy L. Hall, Stiles' tenure at Yale distinguishes him as "one of the first great American college presidents."<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref>

Early lifeEdit

File:Ezra Stiles diploma Yale College class of 1746.jpg

Yale College diploma, Ezra Stiles, Class of 1746

Ezra Stiles was born on Template:OldStyleDate in North Haven, Connecticut, to Rev. Isaac Stiles and Kezia Taylor Stiles (1702–1727). His maternal grandfather, Edward Taylor had emigrated to Colonial America from Leicestershire, England, in 1668.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Kezia Taylor Stiles died four days after giving birth to Ezra.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref>

Stiles received his early education at home and matriculated at Yale College in September 1742, as one of 13 members of the college's freshman class. At Yale, he studied a liberal arts curriculum characterized by an uncertain period of transition between moribund Puritan thought and that of newer thinkers like John Locke and Isaac Newton. Stiles also studied works by Thomas Farnaby, Isaac Watts, and John Ward. According to biographer Edmund Morgan, the young Stiles read "a strange conglomeration of the first-rate and the third-rate" authors.<ref name=":2" /> He graduated in 1746.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Stiles was conferred a perfunctory Master of Arts degree from Yale and became ordained in 1749 after further studies in theology.<ref name=":2" />

From 1749 to 1755, Stiles worked as a tutor at Yale. During this period, he drifted away from Calvinism and preached to Native Americans in Stockbridge, Massachusetts.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> In a 1762 letter, Samuel Johnson notes that the young Stiles at one point nearly became an Anglican, writing that he "was once on the point of conforming to the Church, but was dissuaded by his friends, and is become much of a Latitudinarian."<ref>Johnson, Samuel, Samuel Johnson, President of King's College; His Career and Writings, edited by Herbert and Carol Schneider, New York: Columbia University Press, 1929, Volume 1, p. 321</ref>

In 1753 Stiles resigned from his position as a tutor to pursue a career in law and practice at New Haven. Stiles qualified for the New Haven bar by November 13, 1753, after reading law.<ref name=":2" /> After two years, he returned to his service as a Congregationalist minister.

In 1768, Stiles was elected to the American Philosophical Society.<ref>Bell, Whitfield J., and Charles Greifenstein Jr. Patriot-Improvers: Biographical Sketches of Members of the American Philosophical Society. 3 vols. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1997, I:119, 149, 152, 155, 156, 477, 487, 505, II:13, 209, 217, 219, 276, III:16, 52, 189, 296–392, 297, 431, 481, 604, 607, 608, 613.</ref> In 1784, he was elected an honorary member of the Society of the Cincinnati of Connecticut, one of the first so honored, for his ardent support of the Patriot cause.

Newport (1755-1776)Edit

File:Clarke Street Meeting House Newport Rhode Island.jpg

Stiles moved to Newport in 1755 to serve as minister of the Second Congregational Church

In 1752, Stiles traveled to Newport, Rhode Island, for his health. During his trip, the city's Trinity Church—the largest Anglican congregation in New England—sought Stiles to serve as its minister, offering him a salary of £200 sterling.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Stiles rejected the offer and departed from the city, writing "that all his Art and Address and fine offers were ineffectual."<ref name=":2" />

In 1755, the Second Congregational Church of Newport likewise sought out the young minister. In August, after serving in an interim capacity, he joined the church as for a salary of £65 Sterling. In the later months 1756, a clapboard house was constructed for Stiles on Clark Street, across from the meeting house of his congregation.<ref name=":2" /> Since 1972, the residence has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

In September of the same year, Stiles was made Librarian of the Redwood Library and Athenaeum, a position that allowed him access to books at his discretion.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> During his years in Newport, Stiles kept an informative diary of his life and acquaintances, which detailed—among other things—his association with Portuguese merchant Aaron Lopez.

In 1757, Stiles married Elizabeth Hubbard, with whom he had eight children.<ref name=":1" />

SlaveryEdit

File:Ezra Stiles House, Clarke St, Newport Rhode island.jpg

The Ezra Stiles House in Newport, Rhode Island

From time to time, Stiles invested with the merchants and sea captains of his congregation; in 1756, he sent a hogshead of rum along on a voyage to Africa and was repaid with a 10-year-old male slave, whom he renamed "Newport". Around the same time, he wrote a joint letter with fellow Newport minister Samuel Hopkins condemning "the great inhumanity and cruelty" of slavery in the United States.<ref name="yaleslavery">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Foundation of Brown UniversityEdit

During his residence in Newport, Stiles played a major role in the establishment of Brown University (then Rhode Island College).

According to Edmund Morgan, in Rhode Island's religious diversity Stiles "saw an opportunity to join with Christians of other denominations in a project which would exemplify their common faith in free inquiry.... a college in which the major religious groups of the colony should unite in the pursuit of knowledge."<ref name=":2" /> In 1761, Stiles, along with William Ellery Jr. and Josias Lyndon, drafted a petition to the Rhode Island General Assembly to establish a "literary institution".<ref name=":8">Template:Cite book</ref> The editor of Stiles's papers observes, "This draft of a petition connects itself with other evidence of Dr. Stiles's project for a Collegiate Institution in Rhode Island, before the charter of what became Brown University."<ref name=":8" /><ref>Dexter (1916), p. 25.</ref>

There is further documentary evidence that Stiles was making plans for a college in 1762. On January 20, Chauncey Whittelsey, pastor of the First Church of New Haven, answered a letter from Stiles:<ref name=":7">Template:Cite book</ref>

The week before last I sent you the Copy of Yale College Charter ... Should you make any Progress in the Affair of a Colledge, I should be glad to hear of it; I heartily wish you Success therein.{{#if:|{{#if:|}}
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{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Blockquote with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | author | by | char | character | cite | class | content | multiline | personquoted | publication | quote | quotesource | quotetext | sign | source | style | text | title | ts }}Stiles agreed to write the Charter for the college, submitting a first draft to the General Assembly in August 1763. A revised version of the Charter written by Stiles and Ellery was adopted by the Rhode Island General Assembly on March 3, 1764, in East Greenwich.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> In drafting the document, Stiles combined broad-minded public statements defining Rhode Island College as a "liberal and catholic institution" in which "shall never be admitted a religious test" with private partisanship: his draft charter packed the board of trustees and the fellows of the college with his fellow Congregationalists.

Baptist members of the Rhode Island General Assembly, to Stiles' dismay, amended the charter to allow Baptists control of both branches of the College's Corporation.<ref>Hoeveler, David J., Creating the American Mind: Intellect and Politics in the Colonial Colleges, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007, p. 191</ref> Stiles declined a seat on the College's Corporation, writing that Baptists had seized "the whole Power and Government of the College and thus by the Immutability of the numbers establishing it a Party College." Stiles continued to work towards his vision of a non-sectarian institution after the establishment of Rhode Island College, presenting in 1770 a petition for the establishment of another college in Newport.<ref name=":2" />

ScholarshipEdit

File:Ezra Stiles by Nathaniel Smibert 1756.jpeg

A 1756 portrait of Stiles

Semitic scholarshipEdit

Stiles struck up a close friendship with Haim Isaac Carigal of Hebron during the Rabbi's 1773 residence in Newport.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Stiles' records note 28 meetings to discuss a wide variety of topics from Kabbalah to the politics of the Holy Land.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Stiles improved his rudimentary knowledge of Hebrew, to the point where he and Carigal corresponded by mail in the language.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Stiles' knowledge of Hebrew also enabled him to translate large portions of the Hebrew Old Testament into English. Stiles believed, as did many Christian scholars of the time, that facility with the text in its original language was advantageous for proper interpretation.

Native American scholarshipEdit

Stiles conducted research on the Native Americans of New England. In 1761, he visited a Native American village in Niantic, Connecticut, where he recorded notes on the traditional construction methods of wigwams. Stiles additionally documented information on the languages and petroglyphs of New England's Native peoples. According to archaeologist Edward J. Lenik, Stiles "produced one of the most important early records of petroglyphs and American Indian life in New England."<ref name=":0" />

American RevolutionEdit

Stiles left Newport in 1776 prior to the arrival of British troops and their subsequent occupation of the city. In 1776 and 1777, Stiles served briefly as minister of the Dighton Community Church in Dighton, Massachusetts.<ref name=":1" />

In 1777, Stiles became pastor of North Church in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. As pastor, he defended the monarchy as the best form of government in his sermon, entitled The United States elevated to Glory and Honor, to the General Assembly of the State of Connecticut in 1783. He stated that "a monarchy conducted with infinite wisdom and infinite benevolence is the most perfect of all possible governments."

Yale presidencyEdit

File:Reuben Moulthrop - Ezra Stiles (1727-1795), B.A.1746, M.A.1749 - 1833.1 - Yale University Art Gallery.jpg

Reuben Moulthrop painted this portrait of Stiles in 1794, while he was serving as President of Yale College.

In 1778, Stiles was appointed president of Yale, a post he held until his death. He freed his slave Newport on June 9, 1778, as he prepared to move to New Haven; he would in 1782 hire his former slave for $20 a year and indentured Newport's two-year-old son until age 24.<ref>Saillant, John, Black Puritan, Black Republican: The Life and Thought of Lemuel Haynes, 1753–1833, Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 131</ref> As president of Yale, Stiles became its first professor of Semitics, and required all students to study Hebrew (as Harvard students already did); his first commencement address in September 1781 (no ceremonies having been held during the American Revolutionary War) was delivered in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Arabic. By 1790, however, he was forced to face failure in instilling an interest in the language in the student body, writing

From my first accession to the Presidency ... I have obliged all the Freshmen to study Hebrew. This has proved very disagreeable to a Number of the Students. This year I have determined to instruct only those who offer themselves voluntarily.

The valedictorians of 1785 and 1792, however, did deliver their speeches in Hebrew.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Stiles was an amateur scientist who corresponded with Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin about scientific discoveries. Using equipment donated to the college by Franklin, Stiles conducted the electrical experiments in New England, continuing a practice first begun by his predecessor, President Thomas Clap. He charged a glass tube with static electricity and used it to "excite the wonder and admiration of an audience".<ref name=":3">Morgan, Edmund, The Gentle Puritan: A Life of Ezra Stiles, 1727–1795, University of North Carolina Press, 2014, p. 91</ref> He shocked 52 people at once, fired spirits of wine and rum, and caused counterfeit spiders to move about as if they were alive. These were all experiments that had been performed before, and "Stiles seems to have had little genius for pushing back the frontiers of knowledge" and his observations "disclosed nothing new".<ref name=":3" /> He was more a learner and teacher than an experimenter. Nevertheless, he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1781.<ref name=AAAS>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

His book The United States elevated to Glory and Honor was printed in 1783.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The book is a transcript of a sermon given to the Connecticut General Assembly, on May 8, 1783. The sermon draws parallels between the United States and the Biblical nation of Israel. Stiles refers to the US as an "American Israel, high above all nations which He hath made, in numbers, and in praise, and in name, and in honor", suggesting that the White Americans are like the Chosen People of Israel. He opined that "in God’s good providence" Indians and Africans "may gradually vanish", thus ensuring that "an unrighteous SLAVERY may at length, in God’s good providence, be abolished and cease in the land of LIBERTY."<ref name="Guyatt">Template:Cite book</ref>

Death and legacy at YaleEdit

File:Ezra Stiles College Courtyard.jpg

Ezra Stiles College at Yale

Stiles died in New Haven in 1795, while serving as president.

It is false that Stiles is responsible for the addition of the Hebrew words "Urim" and "Thummim" (Template:Langx) to the Yale seal. Indeed, the Hebrew on the Yale seal appears on Stiles' own master's degree diploma from Yale in 1749, decades before he became president of Yale College.<ref>Oren, Dan A. (2001) Joining the Club: A History of Jews and Yale, Revised edition, p. 347.</ref>

In 1961, Yale named a new residential college in his honor: Ezra Stiles College. The college is noted for its design by modernist architect Eero Saarinen.

Stiles' upholstered armchair is currently in the Yale University Art Gallery in New Haven, Connecticut. The chair was made in Newport, Rhode Island.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

FamilyEdit

Stiles married twice (Elizabeth Hubbard and Mary Checkley Cranston) and had eight children. Stiles' son Ezra Stiles, Esq., was educated first at Yale College, then at Harvard College, where he studied law, graduating in 1778. Ezra Stiles Jr., subsequently settled in Vermont, and served to establish the boundaries between Vermont and New Hampshire. He died prematurely at Chowan County, North Carolina, on August 22, 1784, and his two daughters by his wife Sylvia (Avery) Stiles of Vermont (and formerly of Norwich, Connecticut) had their uncle Jonathan Leavitt appointed their guardian.<ref>The Stiles Family in America, Genealogies of the Connecticut Family, Henry Reed Stiles, Doan & Pilson, Jersey City, 1895</ref>

Stiles' daughter Emilia married Judge and State Senator Jonathan Leavitt of Greenfield, Massachusetts. His daughter Mary married, in 1790, Abiel Holmes, a Congregational clergyman and historian and a 1783 graduate of Yale College. By his second marriage to Sarah Wendell, Abiel was the father of Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.