Fairey Albacore

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The Fairey Albacore is a single-engine biplane torpedo bomber designed and produced by the British aircraft manufacturer Fairey Aviation. It was primarily operated by the Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm (FAA) during the Second World War.

The Albacore, popularly known as the "Applecore", was conceived as a replacement for the Fairey Swordfish, an earlier biplane introduced during the mid 1930s. It was typically operated by a crew of three and was designed for spotting and reconnaissance as well as level, dive, and torpedo bombing. First flown on 12 December 1938, the Albacore was in production between 1939 and 1943, and entered FAA service with 826 Naval Air Squadron during March 1940. The type was initially operated from land bases, being dispatched on attack missions against enemy shipping and harbours in the vicinity of the English Channel. The first operations on board an aircraft carrier commenced in November 1940.

At its height, 15 first-line FAA squadrons flew the Albacore. The type was much used in the Mediterranean, participating in the Battle of Cape Matapan, the Second Battle of El Alamein, and the landings at Sicily and Salerno. Although intended to replace the Swordfish, the Albacore served with it and was eventually retired before it, both aircraft having been replaced by a pair of monoplane designs, the Fairey Barracuda and Grumman Avenger. In addition to the FAA, the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) operated the type.

Design and developmentEdit

BackgroundEdit

The origins of the Albacore can be traced back to the issuing of Specification S.41/36 by the Air Ministry on 11 February 1937, as well as the earlier Specification M.7/36.<ref name="taylor289"/> The latter had sought a three-seat TSR (torpedo/spotter/reconnaissance) aircraft with which to replace the Fairey Swordfish in Fleet Air Arm (FAA) service. It was required to be capable of speeds between 58 and 183 knots while also carrying a single 18-inch Mark XIIA torpedo; furthermore, it was to be fitted with dual flight controls, have a powered rear turret, comprehensive facilities for observation and navigation, and incorporate soundproofing and heating measures.<ref name="taylor289"/>

In response, Fairey Aviation decided to work on its own design.<ref name="taylor289"/> Early activities included the wind tunnel testing of various biplane models at RAE Farnborough between November 1936 and June 1937. These tests reportedly influenced designs regarding the fitting of flaps upon the wings.<ref name="taylor289"/> The company produced both biplane and monoplane configurations to fulfil the requirement, officials dismissed the monoplane proposal as it raised uncertainties for the role it was to be tasked with at that time. Accordingly, Fairey focused its efforts onto the biplane configuration.<ref name="taylor289"/>

The Albacore, otherwise designated TBR (torpedo/bomber/reconnaissance), was a single-bay all-metal biplane. Its fuselage was of a semi-monocoque design and was equipped with a split undercarriage.<ref name="taylor289"/> In comparison to the Swordfish, the Albacore was furnished with a more powerful engine that drove a Constant-speed propeller,<ref>Harrison 2004, p. 7</ref> while the fuselage was also more aerodynamically refined.<ref name="taylor2889">Taylor 1969, pp. 288-289.</ref> The engine that powered the early Albacores was a single Bristol Taurus II radial engine, capable of 1,065 hp, while those built later on received the more powerful Taurus XII, capable of 1,130 hp, instead.<ref name="taylor2891">Taylor 1969, pp. 289, 291.</ref>

Furthermore, the Albacore provided numerous amenities for the benefit of its crew, such as its fully enclosed cockpit, a central heating system, a windscreen wiper for the pilot, and lavatory. In the event of a water landing, the aircraft was also fitted with an automatic liferaft deployment system to assist in the crew's survival.<ref name="taylor288">Taylor 1969, p. 288.</ref> The armament of the Albacore typically included a single fixed forward-firing machine gun in the upper starboard wing, while the rear cockpit was provided with either a single or twin Vickers K machine gun.<ref name="taylor291">Taylor 1969, p. 291.</ref> It could carry a maximum under-wing bomb load of four Template:Convert bombs.<ref name="brownp66">Brown 1980, p. 66.</ref><ref name=harrison2002>Template:Cite book</ref>

The wings of the Albacore were of an equal span and were foldable for more compact stowage onboard aircraft carriers.<ref name="taylor289"/> They were covered by fabric, had relatively large flaps which were hydraulically-actuated and could also act as air brakes during dives.<ref name="taylor289">Taylor 1969, p. 289.</ref> Like the Swordfish, it was capable of dive bombing; it could dive at speeds of up to 215 knots (400 km/h) IAS irrespective of the positioning of the flaps. According to test pilot Eric Brown, the Albacore was relatively steady throughout the dive, while the recovery was typically both smooth and relatively easy to perform.<ref name="brownp66"/>

Into flightEdit

The first of two prototypes was first flown on 12 December 1938 from the Great West Aerodrome, piloted by F. H. Dixon.<ref name="taylor291"/> The second prototype made its first flight during April 1939, joining the flight test programme shortly thereafter. Both prototypes had not been ordered under individual contracts, but had instead been the first two of a production batch of 100 aircraft. There were some differences from subsequent production aircraft, such as their initial fitting with non-tapered engine cowlings and wheel-spats.<ref name="taylor291"/>

While the Albacore had been developed as a carrier-capable land plane, there was interest in its potential as a floatplane, and the first prototype was later fitted with floats and was experimentally configured for catapult-assisted takeoffs.<ref name="taylor291"/> The Marine Aircraft Experimental Establishment (MAEE) tested it in early 1940, during which its water-handling was less than favourable, although it retained acceptable airborne characteristics, save for its reportedly poorly-harmonised flight controls.<ref name="taylor291"/>

During 1939, quantity production of the first batch of 98 aircraft began;<ref name="mason94p321">Mason 1994, p. 321</ref> the start of production had been delayed on account of production slippages of the Taurus engine.<ref name="taylor292"/> During February 1940, testing of the Albacore and Taurus II engine alike commenced at RAF Boscombe Down. During these tests, the prototype demonstrated its ability to attain a maximum speed of Template:Cvt, at an altitude of 4,800 ft (1,463 m), at 11,570 lb (5,259 kg), which was achieved while carrying four depth charges underneath its wings, while its maximum speed without the depth charges was Template:Cvt.<ref name=mason1998>Template:Cite book</ref> An Albacore fitted with the Taurus II engine and carrying a torpedo weighed 11,100 lb (5,045 kg).<ref name="mason1998"/>

Some minor criticisms of the Albacore were produced during its 1940 evaluation flights; issues included the excessive heat of the forward cockpit during the summer months, while the rear cockpit was cold and subject to persistent drafts.<ref name="taylor2912">Taylor 1969, pp. 291-292.</ref> The stall characteristics were described as uncomfortable, while the crew boarding process was also seen as somewhat hazardous. However, the only major change in the specification was the replacement of the Taurus II engine with the improved Taurus XII.<ref name="taylor292">Taylor 1969, p. 292.</ref>

A total of 800 Albacores were built, including the two prototypes, which were all manufactured at Fairey's Hayes factory. Production came to an end in 1943.<ref name="taylor292"/> They were typically test flown from London's Great West Aerodrome, since been expanded to form London Heathrow Airport.<ref name="mason94p323">Mason 1994, p. 323</ref><ref name=Harrison2004>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Mondey2006">Template:Cite book</ref>

Operational historyEdit

File:Fairey Albacore.png

Markings of Albacore N4389, 827 Naval Air Squadron, Template:HMS, which was shot down in the raid on Kirkenes, July 1941. Salvaged, rebuilt and now on display in the Fleet Air Arm Museum

During March 1940, No. 826 Naval Air Squadron was specially formed to operate the first Albacores; within weeks, the type had begun operations, attacking harbours and shipping in the English Channel, operating from shore bases, as well as providing convoy escort for the rest of 1940.<ref name="thetford naval"/><ref name="taylor2923">Taylor 1969, pp. 292–293.</ref> Template:HMS Template:'s 826 and 829 Squadrons were the first to operate the Albacore from an aircraft carrier, operations commencing in November 1940.<ref name=Harrison2004/><ref name="taylor293">Taylor 1969, p. 293.</ref> The Albacore suffered from reliability problems with the Taurus engine, although these were later solved, so that the failure rate was no worse than the Pegasus equipped Swordfish.<ref name="mason94p322">Mason 1994, p. 322</ref> The Albacore remained less popular than the Swordfish, as it was less manoeuvrable, while the controls were considered to be too heavy for a pilot to perform much evasive action after dropping a torpedo.<ref name="mason94p322"/>

Eventually, there were 15 first-line FAA squadrons equipped with the Albacore which operated widely in the Mediterranean.<ref name="thetford naval"/> In March 1941, Albacores made torpedo attacks during the Battle of Cape Matapan, inflicting severe damage on the Italian battleship Vittorio Veneto despite the presence of heavy anti-aircraft fire. The type also played a prominent role in the ill-fated raid on Kirkenes and Petsamo during July 1941.<ref name="taylor293"/> Albacores also participated, with greater success, in the fighting at El Alamein, dropping flares to mark targets for RAF night bombers.<ref name="taylor293"/>

Between September 1941 and June 1943, No. 828 Squadron, based at RAF Hal Far, Malta, operated a squadron of Albacores under severe blitz conditions during the Siege of Malta.<ref name="taylor293"/> The type employed a mixture of mines and bombs to attack Italian shipping, including convoys, along with shore targets in Sicily, mainland Italy, and North Africa. Albacores also supported the landings at Sicily and Salerno, guarding against enemy submarines and raiding key enemy facilities such as airfields and forts.<ref name="taylor293"/>

File:Fairey Albacore.jpg

Albacore in flight circa 1940

On 9 March 1942, twelve Albacores from Template:HMS attacked the German battleship Template:Ship at sea near Narvik.<ref name="taylor293"/> Based on information from one of a search force of six Albacores that had been launched earlier, Albacores from 817 and 832 Squadrons launched torpedoes. One attack came within Template:Cvt of Tirpitz, but the attack failed for the loss of two aircraft.<ref>Kostam 2019, pp. 35–40</ref>

During 1943, the Albacore was replaced in FAA service by the newer Barracuda. The final Albacore squadron of the FAA, No. 841 Squadron, which had flown numerous shore-based attacks against shipping in the English Channel for the whole of its career with the Albacore, was disbanded in late 1943.<ref name="thetford naval"/><ref name="taylor2934">Taylor 1969, pp. 293-294.</ref>

The Royal Air Force deployed some Albacores; 36 Squadron based at Singapore acquired five to supplement its Vickers Vildebeests at RAF Seletar in December 1941.<ref name=Shores/><ref name="taylor294">Taylor 1969, p. 294.</ref> The remnants of the squadron was captured by the Japanese in March 1942. During 1943, No. 415 Squadron RCAF was equipped with Albacores (presumably ex-FAA) before the Flight operating them was transferred and reformed as 119 Squadron at RAF Manston in July 1944. The squadron deployed later to Belgium and their Albacores were disposed of in early 1945, due to spares shortages, in favour of the inferior but ASV radar-equipped Swordfish Mk.IIIs that the squadron kept until the end of the war on 8 May.<ref name=Jefford>Template:Cite book</ref> This was to combat German mini-submarines attacking Allied shipping entering the River Scheldt on its way to the Port of Antwerp. The Aden Communication Flight used 17 Albacores between the middle of 1944 and August 1946. Some of these were delivered by sea on the Template:SS in December 1945 (all from Royal Navy stock).

The Royal Canadian Air Force took over the Albacores and used them during the Normandy invasion, for a similar role until July 1944.<ref name="taylor294"/> The Albacore was the last biplane to be used in combat by the RCAF.<ref name="Rucker">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

OperatorsEdit

File:A Fairey Albacore Mk I of No. 820 Naval Air Squadron operating from HMS FORMIDABLE during the North African landings, November 1942. TR296.jpg

A Fairey Albacore Mk I of 820 Naval Air Squadron operating from HMS Formidable during the North African landings, November 1942

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Royal Canadian Air Force

No. 415 Squadron RCAF

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Royal Air Force

No. 36 Squadron RAF<ref name=Shores>Shores, Cull and Izawa 1992, p. 146.</ref>
No. 119 Squadron

Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm<ref name=Harrison2004/> Template:Div col

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Surviving aircraftEdit

File:Fairey Albacore at Fleet Air Arm Museum.JPG

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Only one Albacore is known to survive, on display at the Fleet Air Arm Museum, which was built using parts of Albacores N4389 and N4172 recovered from crash sites.<ref name="Smith">Template:Cite book</ref>

Specifications (Albacore with Taurus XII)Edit

File:Fairey Albacore Mk.1 three-view silhouette.png

Fairey Albacore Mk.1

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NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

CitationsEdit

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BibliographyEdit

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Harrison, W. A. Warpaint Series No.52 : Fairey Albacore. Bedfordshire: Warpaint Books Ltd 2004. Template:OCLC.
Kostam, Angus. Sink the Tirpitz 1942–44: The RAF and Fleet Air Arm duel with Germany's mighty battleship. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2018. Template:ISBN
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Taylor, H. A. Fairey Aircraft Since 1915. London: Putnam, 1974. Template:ISBN.

External linksEdit

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