Faustin Twagiramungu

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates {{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate | bodyclass = vcard | bodystyle = {{#if:|width: {{{mainwidth}}}}} | child = {{{embed}}}

| abovestyle = font-size: 100%;

| above = {{#if:|

{{{honorific-prefix}}}

}}

{{#if:Faustin Twagiramungu Rukokoma|Faustin Twagiramungu Rukokoma|Template:PAGENAMEBASE}}

{{#if:|

{{{honorific-suffix}}}

}}

| subheaderstyle = font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;

| subheader = {{#ifeq:{{{embed}}}|yes||{{#if:|{{#if:|

}}{{{native_name}}}{{#if:|

}}}}}}

| image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image=Twagiramungu Faustin.jpg|size=|sizedefault=frameless|upright=1|alt=|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | image2 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image=|size=|sizedefault=frameless|upright=1|alt=|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | image3 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image=|sizedefault=frameless|upright=1|alt=|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | captionstyle = line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em; | caption{{#if:|3|{{#if:|2}}}} = Twagiramungu in 2013

| headerstyle = color: #202122; {{#ifeq:{{{embed}}}|yes|background:#eee|background:lavender}}

| data2 = | header3 = {{#if:Template:Birth dateGishoma commune, Cyangugu Prefecture, Ruanda-Urundi<ref name=Testimony>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Death date and age Brussels, BelgiumRwandanRwandan Dream Initiative (from 2010)Template:UblMaria Assumpta Taigga<ref name=Testimony />{{#ifexist: Anizi Nyahizumwami|Anizi Nyahizumwami}}{{#ifexist: Jean Gishungu|Jean Gishungu}}McGill University<ref name=dict>Template:Cite book</ref>|Personal details}} | label4 = Pronunciation | data4 =

| label5 = Born | data5 = {{#invoke:Separated entries|br

|1 = {{#if:|

{{{birthname}}}

}}

|2 = Template:Birth date
|3 = Gishoma commune, Cyangugu Prefecture, Ruanda-Urundi<ref name=Testimony>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

}}

| label6 = Died | data6 = {{#invoke:Separated entries|br|Template:Death date and age|Brussels, Belgium}}

| label7 = {{#ifexpr: Template:Strfind short

   | Manner |{{#if:|Manner|Cause}} }} of death

| data7 = {{#if:||}}

| label8 = Resting place | class8 = label | data8 = {{#invoke:Separated entries|br||}}

| label9 = Citizenship | data9 =

| label10 = Nationality | data10 = {{#switch:{{#invoke:delink|delink|Rwandan}} | {{#ifeq:Template:Country2nationality|{{#invoke:delink|delink|Rwandan}}|{{#invoke:delink|delink|Rwandan}}}} = | {{#ifeq:Template:Find country|England|British}} = | #default = Rwandan }}

| label11 = Political party | data11 = {{#switch:Rwandan Dream Initiative (from 2010) | = | Democrat | Democratic | Democrat = Democratic | Republican | United States Republican Party | Republican | Republican Party = Republican | Conservative Party | Conservative = Conservative | Labour Party | Labour = Labour | Conservative Party | Conservative = Conservative | Liberal Party | Liberal = Liberal | KMT | Kuomintang | KMT | KMT | Kuomintang | Kuomintang (KMT) | Kuomintang (KMT) = Kuomintang | DPP | DPP | Democratic Progressive Party = Democratic Progressive Party | #default = Rwandan Dream Initiative (from 2010) }}

| label12 = Other political
affiliations | data12 = Template:Ubl

| label13 = Height | data13 = {{#if:|Template:Infobox person/height}}

| label14 = Spouse{{#if:|s|{{#invoke:Detect singular|pluralize|Maria Assumpta Taigga<ref name=Testimony />|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data14 = Maria Assumpta Taigga<ref name=Testimony />

| label15 = Domestic partner{{#invoke:Detect singular|pluralize||likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data15 =

| label16 = Relations | data16 =

| label17 = Children | data17 =

| label18 = Parent{{#if:|{{#invoke:Detect singular|pluralize||likely=(s)|plural=s}}|{{#ifexpr:Template:Count > 1|s}}}} | data18 = {{#if:|{{{parents}}}|{{#invoke:list|unbulleted|{{#if:{{#ifexist: Jean Gishungu|Jean Gishungu}}|{{#ifexist: Jean Gishungu|Jean Gishungu}} (father)}}|{{#if:{{#ifexist: Anizi Nyahizumwami|Anizi Nyahizumwami}}|{{#ifexist: Anizi Nyahizumwami|Anizi Nyahizumwami}} (mother)}}}}}}

| label19 = Relatives | data19 =

| label20 = Residence{{#invoke:Detect singular|pluralize||likely=(s)|plural=s}} | class20 = {{#if:Template:Death date and age Brussels, Belgium||label}} | data20 =

| label21 = Education | data21 = McGill University<ref name=dict>Template:Cite book</ref>

| label22 = Alma mater | data22 =

| label23 = Occupation | data23 =

| label24 = Profession | data24 =

| label25 = Known for | data25 =

| label26 = Salary | data26 =

| label27 = Cabinet | data27 =

| label28 = Committees | data28 =

| label29 = Portfolio | data29 =

| label30 = {{#if:|Civilian awards|Awards}} | data30 =

| label31 = {{{blank1}}} | data31 =

| label32 = {{{blank2}}} | data32 =

| label33 = {{{blank3}}} | data33 =

| label34 = {{{blank4}}} | data34 =

| label35 = {{{blank5}}} | data35 =

| label36 = Signature | data36 = {{#if:|[[File:{{{signature}}}|{{#if:|{{{signature_size}}}|128x80px}}|class=skin-invert|alt=|Faustin Twagiramungu's signature]]}}

| label37 = Website | data37 =

| label38 = Nickname{{#invoke:Detect singular|pluralize||likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data38 =

| header39 = {{#if:|Military service}}

| label40 = Allegiance | data40 =

| label41 = {{#if:||Branch/service}} | data41 =

| label42 = {{#if:||Years of service}} | data42 =

| label43 = {{#if:||Rank}} | data43 =

| label44 = {{#if:||Unit}} | data44 =

| label45 = Commands | data45 =

| label46 = {{#if:||Battles/wars}} | data46 =

| label47 = {{#if:|Military awards|Awards}} | data47 =

| label48 = {{{military_blank1}}} | data48 =

| label49 = {{{military_blank2}}} | data49 =

| label50 = {{{military_blank3}}} | data50 =

| label51 = {{{military_blank4}}} | data51 =

| label52 = {{{military_blank5}}} | data52 =

| below =

{{#if:| As of {{{date}}}{{#if:|, {{{year}}}}}}}

{{#if:|Source: [{{{source}}}]}}

}}{{#if:|{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}} }}{{#if:|{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}} }}{{#if:|{{#if:||{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}}}} }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Infobox officeholder with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| regexp1 = 1blankname[%d]* | regexp2 = 1namedata[%d]* | regexp3 = 2blankname[%d]* | regexp4 = 2namedata[%d]* | regexp5 = 3blankname[%d]* | regexp6 = 3namedata[%d]* | regexp7 = 4blankname[%d]* | regexp8 = 4namedata[%d]* | regexp9 = 5blankname[%d]* | regexp10 = 5namedata[%d]* | allegiance | alma_mater | regexp11 = alongside[%d]* | alt | regexp12 = ambassador_from[%d]* | regexp13 = appointed[%d]* | regexp14 = appointer[%d]* | regexp15 = assembly[%d]* | awards | battles | battles_label | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | birthname | regexp16 = blank[%d]* | bodyclass | branch | branch_label | cabinet | candidate | caption | categories | regexp17 = chancellor[%d]* | children | citizenship | regexp18 = co%-leader[%d]* | commands | committees | regexp19 = constituency[%d]* | regexp20 = constituency_AM[%d]* | regexp21 = constituency_MP[%d]* | regexp22 = convocation[%d]* | regexp23 = country[%d]* | regexp24 = data[%d]* | date | death_cause | death_date | death_manner | death_place | demo | regexp25 = deputy[%d]* | regexp26 = district[%d]* | education | election_date | embed | father | regexp28 = firstminister[%d]* | footnotes | regexp29 = governor[%d]* | regexp30 = governor_general[%d]* | regexp31 = governor%-general[%d]* | height | honorific_prefix | honorific-prefix | honorific_suffix | honorific-suffix | image | image name | image_name_alt | image_size | imagesize | image_upright | incumbent | regexp32 = jr/sr[%d]* | regexp33 = jr/sr and state[%d]* | known_for | regexp34 = leader[%d]* | regexp35 = legislature[%d]* | regexp36 = lieutenant[%d]* | regexp37 = lieutenant_governor[%d]* | mainwidth | regexp38 = majority[%d]* | regexp39 = majority_floor_leader[%d]* | regexp40 = majority_leader[%d]* | regexp41 = majorityleader[%d]* | mawards | regexp42 = military_blank[%d]* | regexp43 = military_data[%d]* | regexp44 = minister[%d]* | regexp45 = minister_from[%d]* | regexp46 = minority_floor_leader[%d]* | regexp47 = minority_leader[%d]* | regexp48 = minorityleader[%d]* | regexp49 = module[%d]* | regexp50 = monarch[%d]* | mother | name | nationality | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nocat | regexp51 = nominator[%d]* | nominee | occupation | regexp52 = office[%d]* | opponent | regexp53 = order[%d]* | otherparty | parents | regexp54 = parliament[%d]* | regexp55 = parliamentarygroup[%d]* | partner | party | party_election | portfolio | regexp56 = preceded[%d]* | regexp57 = preceding[%d]* | regexp58 = predecessor[%d]* | regexp59 = premier[%d]* | regexp60 = president[%d]* | regexp61 = primeminister[%d]* | regexp62 = prior_term[%d]* | profession | pronunciation | rank | rank_label | relations | relatives | residence | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | restingplace | restingplacecoordinates | regexp63 = riding[%d]* | runningmate | salary | serviceyears | serviceyears_label | signature | signature_alt | signature_size | smallimage | smallimage_alt | source | speaker | speaker_office | spouse | spouses | regexp64 = state[%d]* | regexp65 = state_assembly[%d]* | regexp66 = state_delegate[%d]* | regexp67 = state_house[%d]* | regexp68 = state_legislature[%d]* | regexp69 = state_senate[%d]* | regexp70 = status[%d]* | regexp71 = suboffice[%d]* | regexp72 = subterm[%d]* | regexp73 = succeeded[%d]* | regexp74 = succeeding[%d]* | regexp75 = successor[%d]* | regexp76 = taoiseach[%d]* | regexp77 = term[%d]* | regexp78 = term_end[%d]* | regexp79 = term_label[%d]* | regexp80 = term_start[%d]* | regexp81 = termend[%d]* | regexp82 = termlabel[%d]* | regexp83 = termstart[%d]* | regexp84 = title[%d]* | unit | unit_label | regexp85 = vicegovernor[%d]* | regexp86 = vicepremier[%d]* | regexp87 = vicepresident[%d]* | regexp88 = viceprimeminister[%d]* | regexp89 = assuming[%d]* | website | width | year }}

Faustin Twagiramungu (14 August 1945 – 2 December 2023) was a Rwandan politician. He was Prime Minister of Rwanda from 1994 until his resignation in 1995, the first head of government appointed after the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) captured Kigali. He soon came to disagree with the RPF's policies and actions, resigned and was placed under house arrest, but managed to leave the country and settle in Belgium.<ref name=resign /> He continued his opposition activity against Paul Kagame's rule, subsequently returning to Rwanda<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and standing for elections, but without success.

Early life and careerEdit

Twagiramungu was born in Cyangugu prefecture on 14 August 1945.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Although Hutu in origin, Twagiramungu rejected the ethnic label and preferred to see himself as a Rwandan.<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref> Twagiramungu spoke Kinyarwanda, French, Swahili and English.<ref name=Testimony/>

Twagiramungu studied and worked in Quebec, Canada, from 1968 to 1976, during which time he experienced Quebec separatism and met with René Lévesque.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> After returning to Rwanda, he ran a transportation company called STIR — Société des Transports Internationaux au Rwanda.<ref name=dict/>

Political careerEdit

Twagiramungu rose to political prominence after the democratic opening in Rwanda in 1991,<ref name=dict/> as the chairman of a new political party, the Republican Democratic Movement (Template:Abbr).<ref name=Testimony/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> MDR joined the multiparty government set up in April 1992, and an MDR politician, Dismas Nsengiyaremye, became the Prime Minister. However, in July 1993, MDR was split between two factions headed by Nsengiyaremye and Twagiramungu, who both wanted to be the Prime Minister in the anticipated Broad-Based Transitional Government (BBTG), a post which was to be decided prior to the signing of the Arusha Accords. Twagiramungu's faction was weak, but he succeeded thanks to support from the other political parties.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Arusha Accords were signed on 4 August 1993, and Twagiramungu was chosen to be the Prime Minister.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The BBTG was never installed.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Prime Minister after the genocideEdit

In July 1994, Twagiramungu finally became Prime Minister in the Arusha-inspired "Government of National Unity" set up by the RPF after taking power in wake of the Rwandan genocide.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> His appointment was tinged with symbolism for many Rwandans, as he was the son-in-law of Grégoire Kayibanda.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> After taking office, Twagiramungu was faced with the vexing problem of human rights abuses by the RPF. Like interior minister Seth Sendashonga, he believed there had to be a certain amount of tolerance, but was worried when there seemed to be no end in sight. According to the historian Gérard Prunier who has discussed the issue with Twagiramungu at length, "The Hutu ministers were so conscious of the potential catastrophe their eventual resignations could cause that they swallowed it all in the name of national unity. Until the Kibeho slaughter pushed them over the brink."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The tension within the administration came to a head when Twagiramungu called for an "extraordinary council of ministers on security matters" which met on 23 August 1995 and ended two days later when Paul Kagame—the de facto leader of Rwanda and the RPF—made a sardonic comment and left the room.<ref name=resign/> On 28 August, Twagiramungu decided to resign, and four other ministers were fired the next day, including Sendashonga.<ref name=resign>Template:Cite book</ref> Twagiramungu was put under house arrest, but managed to leave the country by the end of the year.<ref name=resign/>

Opposition in exileEdit

In Brussels in March 1996, Twagiramungu and Sendashonga set up an exiled opposition party called the Democratic Forces for Resistance (Template:Abbr).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> FRD was officially launched in April 1997.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> On 16 May 1998, Sendashonga, who had survived an earlier attempt on his life, was assassinated in Nairobi. Twagiramungu denounced the murder and accused the Rwandan government of culpability.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2001, a Kenyan court found that the murder was political and blamed the Rwandan government.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1998, FRD invited four other exiled movements (RDR, Template:Abbr, Template:Abbr and UNAR) to form the Union of Rwandan Democratic Forces (Template:Abbr), which wanted to press for a new power-sharing agreement along the lines of the Arusha Accords, and Twagiramungu was slated to be its president from 1998 to 2002.<ref name=Rafti/> RNLM and UNAR were both old monarchist parties, seen to represent Tutsi interests, but they soon abandoned the alliance.<ref name=Rafti>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As president of UFDR, Twagiramungu reportedly worked as if he was alone, creating "a party within a party", and was distanced even from the majority of his own party, the FRD.<ref name=partywithin>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He was also unpopular with the old guard of the RDR "because of his leading role in the Rwandan opposition to Juvénal Habyarimana's government and his position in the moderate section of the MDR."<ref name=Rafti/> Twagiramungu resigned from the presidency in December 2001 and "essentially detached himself from the opposition movements".<ref name=partywithin/>

On 10 December 2002, Twagiramungu announced that he would be a candidate in the Rwandan presidential election of 2003.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Running on a platform of full employment, regional security, and progressive taxation,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> he accused the government of attempting to silence his views. He was forced to stand as an independent as his political party, the MDR, was banned.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In the final count, he placed second (out of three) with 3.62 percent of the vote. He did not accept the result, claiming that Paul Kagame was leading the country towards a one-party system.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The elections were widely condemned as fraudulent by outside observers.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Twagiramungu left Rwanda immediately after the election, fearing arrest.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2010, Twagiramungu founded a "new political trend" called the Rwandan Dream Initiative (RDI).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In early 2014, RDI teamed up with three other parties (PS-Imberakuri, Template:Abbr and FDLR) to form the Coalition of Political Parties for Change (CPC). The inclusion of FDLR was a point of controversy.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The coalition was reportedly falling apart before the end of the year.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

On 4 April 2014, only two days after Kagame had visited Brussels, Twagiramungu was informed by Belgian police and state security that his life was in danger, and his house was provided with police protection for four days. The Globe and Mail reported that "there is mounting evidence that Mr. Kagame's agents are involved in organized efforts to kill exiled dissidents".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Twagiramungu died in Brussels on 2 December 2023, at age 78.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

External linksEdit

{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}

{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}

Template:S-start Template:Succession box Template:S-end

Template:RwandaPMs Template:Authority control