Template:Short description Template:Distinguish Template:Forms of government Template:Republicanism sidebar
A federal republic is a federation of states with a republican form of government. At its core, the literal meaning of the word republic when used to reference a form of government means a country that is governed by elected representatives and by an elected leader, such as a president, rather than by a monarch or any hereditary aristocracy.
In a federal republic, a division of powers exists between the federal government and the government of the individual subdivisions. While each federal republic manages this division of powers differently, common matters relating to international affairs and treaties, security and defense, inter-state relations, and monetary policy are usually handled at the federal level, while matters such as infrastructure maintenance and education policy are usually handled at the regional or local level; however, views differ on what issues should be a federal competence, and subdivisions usually have sovereignty in some matters where the federal government does not have jurisdiction. A federal republic is thus best defined in contrast to a unitary republic, whereby the central government has complete sovereignty over all aspects of political life. This more decentralized structure helps to explain the tendency for more populous countries to operate as federal republics.<ref>Forum of Federations: [1], Schram, Sanford. Handbook of Federal Countries: United States, pp. 373–391, 2005.</ref>
Most federal republics codify the division of powers between orders of government in a written constitutional document. The political differences between a federal republic and other federal states, especially federal monarchies under a parliamentary system of government, are largely a matter of legal form rather than political substance, as most federal states are democratic in structure if not practice with checks and balances; however, some federal monarchies, such as the United Arab Emirates, are based upon principles other than democracy.
Federal states primarily contrast with unitary states, where the central government retains many of the powers that are delegated to the subdivisions in federal republics. While there are exceptions, the overall tendency is for federal republics to be larger, more populous, and more internally heterogeneous than unitary states, with such larger size and internal heterogeneity being more manageable in a federal system than in a unitary one.
ContemporaryEdit
HistoricalEdit
| Country | Official name and style | Period of federal form of government | Administrative divisions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Template:Flagicon image Regency of Algiers<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> | Regency of Algiers Kingdom of Algiers |
1563–1830<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> | Beyliks |
| Template:Flagicon image Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth | Serenissima Res Publica Poloniae | 1569–1795 | Provinces and Voivodeships |
| Template:Flag | Republic of the Seven United Netherlands | 1581–1795 | Provinces |
| Template:Flagicon image Valais | Republic of the Seven Tithings | 1613–1798 | |
| Template:Flag | Republic of Colombia | 1819–1831 | |
| Template:Flagicon image Federal Republic of Central America | Federal Republic of Central American | 1823–1838 | |
| Template:Flagicon image Granadine Confederation | Granadine Confederation | 1858–1863 | |
| Template:Flagicon image United States of Colombia | United States of Colombia | 1863–1886 | States |
| Template:Flagicon image First Spanish Republic | Spanish Republic | 1873-1874 | |
| Template:Flagicon image Republic of China | Republic of China | 1912–1928 | Provinces |
| Template:Flagicon image Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus | Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus | 1917–1922 | Republics |
| Template:Flag | German Reich | 1919–1933 | States |
| Template:Flag | German Democratic Republic | 1949–1990 | States |
| Template:FlagcountryTemplate:Efn | Union of Soviet Socialist Republics | 1922–1991 | Republics |
| Template:Flag<ref name=CIA1991>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> || Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1963) | ||
| Template:Flag | Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003) State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006) |
1992–2006 | Constituent republics |
| Template:Flag | Union of Burma | 1948–1962 | States |
| Template:Flag | Republic of the United States of Indonesia | 1949–1950Template:Efn | States |
| Template:Flag | Federal Republic of Cameroon | 1961–1972 | |
| Template:Flag<ref name=CIA1991/> | Czechoslovak Republic (1948–1960) Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1960–1990) |
1969–1990 | Republics |
| Template:Flagicon image Czech and Slovak Federative Republic | Czech and Slovak Federative Republic | 1990–1992 | Republics |
See alsoEdit
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- Republic at Merriam-Webster