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Ferdinando Gorges

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Sir Ferdinando Gorges (Template:Circa – 24 May 1647) was a naval and military commander and governor of the important port of Plymouth in England. He was involved in Essex's Rebellion against the Queen, but escaped punishment by testifying against the main conspirators. His early involvement in English trade with and settlement of North America as well as his efforts in founding the Province of Maine in 1622 earned him the title of the "Father of English Colonization in North America,"<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb</ref> even though Gorges himself never set foot in the New World.

OriginsEdit

Ferdinando Gorges was born between 1565 and 1568,Template:Efn probably in Clerkenwell, in Middlesex where the family maintained their London town house, but possibly at the family's manor of Wraxall, in Somerset.Template:Efn He was the second son of Edward Gorges of Wraxall, by his wife Cicely Lygon. The circumstances of his father's death aged 31 suggested to Baxter (Gorges's first biographer) that Ferdinando was born at about the time of his father's death on 29 August 1568.Template:Sfn Edward Gorges, however, evidently realizing that his illness was fatal, prepared his will on 10 August 1568,Template:Sfn (and proved on 17 September of the same year)Template:Sfn in which Edward bequeathed to Ferdinando a 23-ounce gold watch and devised to him the manor of Birdcombe, Wraxall, for a term of 24 years. The terms of the testamentary gifts led an earlier memorialist to conclude that Ferdinando had been born sometime between 1565 and 1567.Template:Sfn

AncestryEdit

File:RussellOfDyrhamArms.png
Arms of Russell of Kingston Russell & Dyrham: Argent, on a chief gules three bezants

Ferdinando Gorges was by blood in the male line a member of the Russell family of Kingston Russell, Dorset and of Dyrham in Gloucestershire, an early member of which was Sir John Russell (died c. 1224) of Kingston Russell, a household knight of King John (1199–1216), and of the young King Henry III (1216–1272), to whom he also acted as steward. However, the last male of the ancient Anglo-Norman Gorges family, about to die childless, bequeathed his estates, including Wraxall, to Theobald Russell, a younger son of his sister Eleanor Russell, on condition that he should adopt the name and arms of Gorges. Ferdinando was a descendant of this Theobald Russell "Gorges".

File:Heraldic gurges (whirlpool) Gorges.svg
Canting arms of Gorges (ancient): Argent, a gurges azure (gurges being Latin for a whirlpool)
File:Gorges quartered escutcheon on the tomb of Edmund Gorges and Anne Howard, All Saints Church, Wraxall, Somerset, UK - 20100505.jpg
Quartered arms of Gorges on the chest-tomb of Sir Edmund Gorges (d. 1512) and his wife Lady Anne Howard, showing Gorges (modern) and Russell, All Saints’ Church, Wraxall, Somerset

The Gorges family arrived in England with the Norman Conquest.Template:Efn The male line of the Gorges family died out in 1331 on the death of Ralph de Gorges, 2nd Baron Gorges (d.1331), of Knighton, Isle of Wight. They were said to have lived in Somersetshire from the time of King Henry I and held their estates in Wraxall since the time of King Edward II.Template:Sfn The Gorges were recipients of many royal appointments and privileges since Edward's time.<ref>For a list of the major distinctions, see Template:Harvnb</ref>

Ferdinando's great-great-grandfather married the eldest daughter of John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk,Template:Sfn from which connection they claim royal descent. Ferdinando's father Edward Gorges, as first born, became the heir of the family estate in Wraxal when his father died in 1558 when he was 21.Template:Sfn Notwithstanding the family tradition in royal offices, neither Edward nor his father Edmund took part in public affairs (the early deaths of both of them may have been a partial explanation).Template:Sfn

Ferdinando's mother was Cecily Lygon, a daughter of William Lygon of Madresfield, WorcestershireTemplate:Sfn (1512-1567),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (whose ancestors' connection with the throne could be traced back to King Richard II), by his wife Eleanor Denys, a daughter of Sir William Denys (d.1533) of Dyrham,<ref>Heraldic Visitation of Gloucestershire, 1623, Maclean, Sir John (Ed.), London, 1885, p.51</ref> High Sheriff of Gloucestershire, whose family was the heir of the Russells of Dyrham, a descendant of which family in a direct male line was Ferdinando Gorges.Template:Sfn Among their descendants were the Earls Beauchamp.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Ferdinando Gorges was named after his mother's brother, Ferdinando Lygon. After the death of Edward Gorges, Cecily married John Vivian of Brydges.<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb</ref>

Ferdinando's only sibling was his older brother Edward, who was baptised at Wraxall on 5 September 1564.Template:Sfn Edward entered Hart Hall, Oxford, in 1582.Template:Sfn

Early life and educationEdit

Very little documentation exists regarding his early life and education. He was brought up at Nailsea Court at Kenn near Wraxall.Template:Sfn Although as far as is known Ferdinando had no direct connection with the Court in his youth, he could not have been impervious to two great cultural currents of the time: the growing resistance to the absolute power of the monarchy, particularly in ecclesiastical matter, sometimes subsumed under the concept of "Puritanism", and the beginnings of English exploration and exploitation of the Western Hemisphere,Template:Sfn the latter especially owing to his distant family connections with Humphrey Gilbert and his half-brother Walter Raleigh.Template:Sfn

Military careerEdit

No documentary evidence records Gorges's activities before 1587 (when he was around 20), but because in that year he is referred to as a captain, it is probable that he took up the profession of arms several years before then, perhaps in his mid-teens (not uncommon in England at the time).Template:Sfn It is likely that he was engaged in active duty shortly after the outbreak of the Anglo-Spanish War in 1585.

In 1587, he was one of the "several eminent chieftains" commanding the 800 soldiers sent from Flushing by Sir William Russell to aid the Earl of Leicester's attempt to relieve the Siege of Sluis laid by the Spanish Governor General of the Netherlands, whose revolt against the Spanish Habsburg rule England had pledged to aid.Template:Sfn Gorges fought under the command of Lord Willoughby, whose family he developed a close connection with.Template:Efn

It is unknown whether he was captured during that engagement or later, but by September 1588 he was listed as among the prisoners at Lisle, for his name is among those English prisoners who friends in England petitioned to have Spanish prisoner exchanged for.Template:Sfn In 1589 Gorges was wounded at the siege of Paris. He was knighted at the siege of Rouen in 1591.Template:Sfn He was rewarded for his services by the post of Governor of the Fort at Plymouth, which he held for many years.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

During the Spanish Armada of 1597 Gorges was able to raise the alarm that enabled the defence of the country, but autumn storms made sure that the Spanish fleet was dispersed.

In 1601, he became involved in the Essex Conspiracy and later testified against its leader, Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex.Template:Sfn

In 1633 he was Colonel of a regiment of Devon Trained Band Horse.<ref>Devon Trained Bands 1633 at the British Civil War Project (archived at the Wayback Machine).</ref>

Colonization efforts in North AmericaEdit

With the end of the Anglo-Spanish War in 1604, there was a renewed interest in colonization projects from various ports, including Bristol, with which he was closely associated.<ref>C. M. MacInnes, Ferdinando Gorges and New England (Bristol Historical Association pamphlets, no. 12, 1965), p. 4.</ref> Gorges' interest in colonization was said to have been stimulated when Captain George Weymouth presented him with three captured American Indians, who later learnt English and told him about their country. According to Gorges one of these captives was Tisquantum or "Squanto" of the Patuxet, but this claim has been disputed by historians.Template:Sfn

In 1607, as a shareholder in the Plymouth Company, he helped fund the failed Popham Colony, in present-day Phippsburg, Maine.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1622, Gorges received a land patent, along with John Mason, from the crown's Plymouth Council for New England for the Province of Maine, the original boundaries of which were between the Merrimack and Kennebec rivers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> "Ye Province of Maine" had its birth in this charter, dated 10 August 1622, in the reign of England's King James I. A reconfirmed and enhanced 1639 charter from England's King Charles I, gave Sir Ferdinando Gorges increased powers over this new province and stated that it "shall forever hereafter, be called and named the PROVINCE OR COUNTIE OF MAINE, and not by any other name or names whatsoever..."<ref>Fisher, Carol B. Smith, "Who Really Named Maine", Bangor Daily News, 26 February 2002, p. A9</ref><ref>Burrage, Henry S., GORGES and The Grant of the Province of Maine 1622; A Tercentenary Memorial, pp. 167–173.</ref>

In 1629, he and Mason divided the colony, with Mason's portion south of the Piscataqua River becoming the Province of New Hampshire.<ref name=backyard/> Gorges and his nephew established Maine's first court system. Capt. Christopher Levett, early English explorer of the New England coast, was an agent for Gorges, as well as a member for the Plymouth Council for New England.<ref>York Deeds, Maine Historical Society, Maine Genealogical Society, John T. Hull, Portland, 1887.</ref> Levett's attempt to establish a colony in Maine ultimately failed, and he died aboard ship returning to England after meeting with Governor John Winthrop in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630.<ref>History of Plymouth Plantation, William Bradford, Massachusetts Historical Society, 1912</ref><ref>Portland in the Past, William Goold, 1886. Accessed 17 January 2023.</ref>

File:America Painted to the Life by Ferdinando Gorges.jpg
America Painted to the Life, book published in London, 1659, by Ferdinando Gorges Esq., grandson of Ferdinando Gorges

Gorges's son was Robert Gorges, Governor-General of New England from 1623 to 1624. But Robert Gorges was seen with some suspicion by American colonists, who were sceptical of Gorges' almost feudal idea of governance and settlement, and ultimately Gorges returned to England. In the 1630s Ferdinando Gorges attempted to revive the moribund claims of the Plymouth Company. In concert with colonists banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony, he formally questioned the issuance of its royal charter in 1632, and forwarded complaints and charges made by the disaffected colonists to the Privy Council of Charles I. His efforts were ultimately unsuccessful.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Marriages and childrenEdit

He married four times:

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Death and successionEdit

Sir Ferdinando Gorges died on 24 May 1647,Template:Sfn at his wife's home in Long Ashton (then known as Ashton-Phillips), and is buried in the Smyth crypt, All Saint's Church, Long Ashton, without markings due to the circumstances of the time.Template:Sfn His eldest son, John, inherited his Province of Maine, of which Robert, his younger son, had been for such a short time Governor. In May 1677 his grandson Ferdinando Gorges finally sold all his rights to Maine for £1,250, to the state of Massachusetts.

The epilogue to Sir Ferdinando Gorges' story is very brief. Although his grandson eventually accepted a paltry sum after many years of trying to secure the good name of his grandfather, he proceeded to acquire some validity of his grandfather's claims by the Puritans.Template:Clarify This sale finally extinguished the interests of the Gorges family in those American lands which Sir Ferdinando had labored to develop as a proprietary province owing to a close relationship to the English Crown.Template:Clarify New England was left to follow a very different destiny from that to which Sir Ferdinando had devoted so much of his life.Template:ClarifyTemplate:Sfn It was not until 1820 that Maine achieved separate statehood.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

See alsoEdit

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Notes, references and sourcesEdit

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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SourcesEdit

External linksEdit

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