Template:Short description Template:Millenniumbox <imagemap>File:1st millennium montage.png|From top left, clockwise: Depiction of Jesus, the central figure in Christianity; The Colosseum, a landmark of the once-mighty Roman Empire; Kaaba, the Great Mosque of Mecca, the holiest site of Islam; Chess, a new board game, becomes popular around the globe; The Western Roman Empire falls, ushering in the Early Middle Ages; The skeletal remains of a young woman, known as the "ring lady", killed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79; Attila the Hun, leader of the Hunnic Empire, which takes most of Eastern Europe (Background: Reproduction of ancient mural from Teotihuacan, National Museum of Anthropology, Mexico City)|400px|thumb rect 9 6 182 173 Jesus Christ rect 192 5 411 169 Roman Empire rect 420 16 560 101 Great Mosque of Mecca rect 416 112 561 212 Chess rect 13 189 171 356 Attila the Hun rect 184 177 308 346 Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD rect 313 222 559 352 Early Middle Ages rect 1 1 566 394 Teotihuacan rect 1 1 566 394 Pilate's court </imagemap>
The first millennium of the anno Domini or Common Era was a millennium spanning the years 1 to 1000 (1st to 10th centuries; in astronomy: JD Template:Val – Template:Val<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>). The world population rose more slowly than during the preceding millennium, from about 200 million in the year 1 to about 300 million in the year 1000.<ref name="HYDE2011">Klein Goldewijk, K. , A. Beusen, M. de Vos and G. van Drecht (2011). The HYDE 3.1 spatially explicit database of human induced land use change over the past 12,000 years, Global Ecology and Biogeography20(1): 73-86. {{#invoke:doi|main}} (pbl.nl). Goldewijk et al. (2011) estimate 188 million as of the year 1, citing a literature range of 170 million (low) to 300 million (high). Out of the estimated 188 million, 116 million are estimated for Asia (East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Central Asia, excluding Western Asia), 44 million for Europe and the Near East, 15 million for Africa (including Roman Egypt and Roman North Africa), 12 million for Mesoamerica and South America. North America and Oceania were at or below one million. For 1000, they estimate the world population at 295 million. [1]</ref>
In Western Eurasia (Europe and Near East), the first millennium was a time of great transition from Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages. The 1st century saw the peak of the Roman Empire, followed by its gradual decline during the period of Late Antiquity, the rise of Christianity and the Great Migrations. The second half of the millennium is characterized as the Early Middle Ages in Europe, and marked by the Viking expansion in the west, and the continuation of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire) in the east.
In East Asia, the first millennium was also a time of great cultural advances, notably the spread of Buddhism to East Asia. In China, the Han dynasty is replaced by the Jin dynasty and later the Tang dynasty until the 10th century sees renewed fragmentation in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. In Japan, a sharp increase in population followed when farmers' use of iron tools increased their productivity and crop yields. The Yamato court was established. The North Indian subcontinent was divided among numerous kingdoms throughout the first millennium, until the formation of the Gupta Empire. Islam expanded rapidly from Arabia to western Asia, India, North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, culminating in the Islamic Golden Age (700–1200).
In Mesoamerica, the first millennium was a period of enormous growth known as the Classic Era (200–900). Teotihuacan grew into a metropolis and its empire dominated Mesoamerica. In South America, pre-Incan, coastal cultures flourished, producing impressive metalwork and some of the finest pottery seen in the ancient world. In North America, the Mississippian culture rose at the end of the millennium in the Mississippi and Ohio river valleys. Numerous cities were built; Cahokia, the largest, was based in present-day Illinois. The construction of Monks Mound at Cahokia was begun in 900–950.
In Sub-Saharan Africa, the Bantu expansion reaches Southern Africa by about the 5th century. The trans-Saharan slave trade spans the Sahara and the Swahili coast by the 9th century.
Civilizations, kingdoms and dynastiesEdit
EventsEdit
The events in this section are organized according to the United Nations geoscheme
| Africa | Americas | Asia | Europe | Oceania | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st century | AD 70 Amanikhatashan sends Kushite cavalry to aid Roman Emperor in Jerusalem revolt<ref>Jr Ph D Grant Bishop Williams(2009). Abraham's Other Sons. AuthorHouse: pp. 50,51. Template:ISBN</ref> AD 100 Rise of the Kingdom of Aksum AD 100 Khoekhoe reach southern coast of Africa<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> |
AD 1 Cahuachi established<ref name=Americas200>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
AD 25 Han dynasty reestablished under Guangwu AD 33 Christianity begins AD 70 Jewish diaspora |
AD 9 Rhine established as boundary between Rome and Germany<ref name=europe200>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
AD 1 Caroline Islands colonized<ref name=oceania1500>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
| 2nd century | 150 Rhapta, hint of pre-Swahili, Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 200 Bantu reach east Africa<ref name=africa332>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
150 Cahuachi becomes dominant ceremonial site in southern Peru<ref name = Americas200/> | 184 Yellow Turban Rebellion | 106 Dacia becomes a Roman province<ref name = europe200/> 166 Siege of Aquileia<ref name = europe200/> 180 End of the Macromannic Wars<ref name = europe200/> |
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| 3rd century | 212 Egyptians granted Roman citizenship<ref name = africa332/> 230 Aksum wars with Himyar and Saba alliance 300 Aksum prints own coins |
250 Rise of Laguna de los Cerros 292 Stela 29 inscribed<ref name = Americas200 /> 300 Tikàl conquers El Mirador<ref name = Americas200/> |
208 Battle of Red Cliffs during the decline of the Han dynasty 280 Jin reunifies China |
212 Roman citizenship extended to all free people in the empire<ref name = europe200/> 214 Hispania divided into Gallaecia, Tarraconensis, Baetica and Lusitania<ref name = europe200/> 286 Diocletian divides the empire East and West<ref name = europe200/> |
300 Eastern Polynesian culture develops<ref name = oceania1>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | ||
| 4th century | 333 Aksum converts to Christianity 350 Meroe comes to an end <ref name = africa332/> 350 King of Anwar, Kaja Maja |
378 Teotihuacan conquers Waka, Tikal, and Uaxactun, the beginning of its conquest of the Maya<ref name="ngm.nationalgeographic.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
319 Rise of Gupta Empire in South Asia 383 Battle of Fei River 393 Last Olympic Games |
313 Edict of Milan<ref name = europe200/> |
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| 5th century | 401 c. camel main transport for trans-Sahara 429 Vandal invasion<ref name="africa332" /> 500 Nubia split into Nobadia, Makuria, Alodia |
420 Northern and Southern dynasties period begins | 407 Vandals enter Iberia<ref name="europe400">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
500 Settlement of Hawaii, Easter Island, Society Islands, Tuamotus and Mangareva<ref name="oceania1" /> | |||
| 6th century | 520 Kaleb attacks Yemen 533 Belisarius invades Africa<ref name = africa332/> 540 Nubia converts to monophysite Christianity |
600 Wari' conquer Peru<ref name = Americas600>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
538 Buddhism introduced in Japan. 570 Birth of the Islamic prophet Muhammad |
507 Battle of Vouillé<ref name = europe400/> 535 Byzantine army invades Italy<ref name = europe400/> 585 Visigoths conquer Suevi kingdom<ref name = europe400/> |
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| 7th century | 641 Muslims invade Africa<ref name="africa600">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
650 Settlement of Xochitecatl and Cacaxtla<ref name="Americas600" /> 700 Teotihuacan destroyed<ref name="Americas600" /> |
618 Tang dynasty established 632 Rise of Islam 651 Islamic conquest of Persia |
c.680 First Bulgarian Empire is founded | 700 Settlement of the Cook Islands<ref name="oceania1" /> | ||
| 8th century | 702 Aksum attacks Arabia<ref name="africa600" /> 706 Arabic in Egypt<ref name="africa600" /> 789 Independent Morocco<ref name="africa600" /> |
738 Quiriguá becomes independent of Copan
750 Sacred Cenote built at Chichén Itzá<ref name="Americas600" /> |
738 Caliphate campaigns in India and invasion of India by Umayyad Caliphate is averted 755 An Shi Rebellion |
717 Siege of Constantinople 718 Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula c.722 Reconquista begins |
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| 9th century | 801 c. Kanem Empire founded 801c. Aksum declines, capital moved to interior 900c. Igbo-Ukwu founded<ref>Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine. The History of African Cities South of the Sahara. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2005, p. 45, Template:ISBN</ref> |
c.830 Classic Maya collapse | 835 Ganlu Incident | 872 Battle of Hafrsfjord helped unified Norway<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
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| 10th century | 905 Tulunids ejected<ref name="Britannica">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="africa600" /> |
950 Great Serpent Mound constructed<ref name="Americas600" /> 990 Toltecs conquer Chichen Itza |
907 Political upheaval of the Five Dynasties begins 960 Song dynasty established |
958 Denmark unites 985 Erik the Red founds colony in Greenland |
AD 1000 Polynesians build stone temples<ref name="oceania1" /> |
Inventions, discoveries, introductionsEdit
| Communication | Math and Science | Agriculture | Transportation | Warfare | ||
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