Flecktarn
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Flecktarn ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}; "mottled camouflage"; also known as Flecktarnmuster or Fleckentarn) is a family of three-, four-, five- or six-color disruptive camouflage patterns, the most common being the five-color pattern, consisting of dark green, grey-green, red brown, and black over a light green or tan base depending on the manufacturer. The original German five-color pattern was designed for use in European temperate woodland terrain. A three-color variation called Tropentarn (formerly Wüstentarn) is intended for arid and desert conditions; the German Bundeswehr wore it in Afghanistan.
The original German five-color flecktarn has been adopted, copied and modified by many countries for their own camouflage patterns.
HistoryEdit
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The German Army started experimenting with camouflage patterns before World War II, and some army units used Splittermuster ("splinter pattern") camouflage, first issued in 1931.<ref name=Newark>Template:Cite book</ref> Waffen-SS combat units used various patterns from 1935 onwards. Many SS camouflage patterns were designed by Johann Georg Otto Schick.Template:Sfnp
Modern patternsEdit
In 1976, the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in Germany developed a number of prototype camouflage patterns, to be trialled as replacements for the solid olive-grey "moleskin" combat uniform. At least four distinct camouflage patterns were tested during Bundeswehr Truppenversuch 76 ("Bundeswehr Troop Trial 76".) These were based on patterns in nature:<ref name=Newark/> one was called "Dots" or "Points"; another was called "Ragged Leaf" or "Saw Tooth Edge"; another was based on pine needles in winter.<ref name=Newark/>
Designed by the German company Marquardt & Schulz, several patterns were developed and tested by the German military. The pattern named "Flecktarn B" was chosen as the final pattern for use.<ref name="UFPROFL">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The word flecktarn is a composite formed from the German words Fleck (spot, blot(ch), mark or mottle) and Tarnung (camouflage.) The Bundeswehr kept its green combat dress throughout the 1980s, however, while trials were conducted. Flecktarn was only widely introduced in 1990 in a newly reunited Germany.<ref name=Newark/>
In 1985 the Dutch government tested Flecktarn B with soldiers of its 13th Armored Brigade in Oirschot. Locally named "Stippel", the pattern met with media opposition for its perceived similarity to Waffen-SS "peas" and "oak leaves" camouflage. Among other criticisms, there were complaints from some users about double vision when looking at the “dot pattern” for a long time. The Dutch government scrapped the plan completely in 1987.<ref name="UFPROFL"/><ref>https://strikehold.net/2021/02/23/new-camouflage-uniforms-for-the-dutch-armed-forces-the-backstory/</ref><ref name=Newark/>
In Germany, the Flecktarn camouflage pattern is used by all Bundeswehr service branches, the Heer (army), the Luftwaffe (air force), some Marine (navy) units and even the Sanitätsdienst (medical service.) Its official name is 5 Farben-Tarndruck der Bundeswehr (five-color camouflage print of the Bundeswehr.)<ref name="BPDF">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This temperate Flecktarn five-color scheme consists of 15% light green, 20% light olive, 35% dark green, 20% brown and 10% black.<ref name="BPDF"/>
- German soldiers target practice at TSC-Wiesbaden Wackernheim Range 121203-A-CR252-111.jpg
German body armour cover and helmet cover in Flecktarn
- BWNaesseschutzFlecktarnHoheitszeichen.jpg
Jacket
- SETC 18 Opening Ceremony (41820394604).jpg
Flecktarn overalls for crews of tanks in 2018
EvolutionEdit
Manufacturing contractors for the Bundeswehr are bound by the requirements and specifications laid out by the Bundesamt für Ausrüstung, Informationstechnik und Nutzung der Bundeswehr - BAAINBw (Federal Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, Information Technology and In-Service Support of the German Armed Forces.)<ref>German Wikipedia article Template:Circular reference</ref> The specific document that contractors must comply with is the Technische Lieferbedingungen - TL (Technical Delivery Conditions.)<ref>Technical Delivery Conditions (TL) of the Bundeswehr</ref>
Within the TL are material performance sheets for all products conforming to civilian, ISO, and military specifications, as applicable. The TL requirements for flecktarn have undergone changes over the years and the pattern is now in its fifth iteration. The most observable changes have been to the colors, most notably from about 2005 whereupon the color screens became more separated making the pattern overall brighter.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Visually the green and grey screens of post-2005 flecktarn are lighter with greater separation and the brown screen has become more of a rust-like color, whereas the former green and grey screens were darker and closer in hue and the brown screen was more of a reddish-brown.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the modern colors the black screen now presents in sharp contrast to the rest of the colors.
PatternEdit
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Tropentarn is Bundeswehr 5-color Flecktarn printed on lighter weight fabric. Colors consist of dark green, grey-green, red brown, and black over a light green or tan base depending on the manufacturer. On the tropentarn fabric the brown screen is more of a "rust" color and the black screen contrasts sharply against the dark green and grey-green screens.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Outside of Germany, the term is sometimes erroneously used for Bundeswehr 3-color Wüstentarn desert camouflage. Both patterns are printed on the same fabric type.<ref>German Bundeswehr Wustentarn URL=https://easterncostume.com/wardrobe/foreign-military/german-bundeswehr-wustentarn/Template:Better source needed</ref>
Multitarn replacementEdit
In 2016, tests were conducted by the Research Institute of materials and property of the Bundeswehr (Wehrwissenschaftliche Institut für Werk- und Betriebsstoffe – WIWeB) on a new pattern designated Multitarn as a potential replacement for flecktarn.<ref>'New Multitarn patterns for the Bundeswehr' Author: Dylan Malyasov, Date 18 January 2016, URL: https://defence-blog.com/new-multitarn-patterns-for-the-bundeswehr/</ref>
The pattern is intended as a multi-terrain pattern, initially for use only by German special forces. The Bundeswehr initially expressed plans for adoption by multiple divisions of the Bundeswehr to complement existing flecktarn patterns but as of 2022 this had not occurred.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Unlike with its previous flecktarn patterns the Bundeswehr has taken strict measures over its property rights and distribution control to prevent unauthorized and illegal production of the pattern outside the Bundeswehr's authorized contractors.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
VariantsEdit
BelgiumEdit
Bundeswehr flecktarn was used by airbase security and anti-aircraft units of the Belgian Air Force from 1988 to 2000. The pattern was unchanged from the original but slightly larger than the eventual Bundeswehr production pattern. It is noteworthy here that the model developed in Germany was put into general use by the Belgian Air Force almost three years before it was introduced into the Bundeswehr. A modular kit and a two-piece rucksack in flecktarn pattern was used to complete the uniform of field trousers, blouse and parka.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Better source needed</ref>
DenmarkEdit
RussiaEdit
The Russian military uses a wide range of different commercial camouflage patterns including several variations of flecktarn. One is called Sever ("north") or Flectar-D. This pattern is a three-color pattern which is almost identical to Danish M84 but the base screen is tan. The pattern was introduced in Russia in 2006.
Another variant is called Tochka-4 (Point-4) produced by the Russian company Modoks. The pattern is essentially Flectar-D with a fourth color, brown, added.Template:Citation needed
Another pattern resembling Bundeswehr five-color flecktarn has been used by some Russian forces with the difference being that the brown screen is red.Template:Citation needed
JapanEdit
Japan adopted a flecktarn-based pattern called Type II Camouflage, or Jietai which has been in use with the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force since 1985. This pattern is a four-color version consisting of light green, brown and black on a beige background.Template:Sfnp A desert version is also in use.<ref>'The High School Where Japan's Kids Learn to Become Soldiers' URL: https://time.com/3404578/japan-self-defense-force-school/Template:Failed verification</ref>
ChinaEdit
Type 03 Plateau camouflage is a five-color flecktarn pattern that was formerly used in the early 2000s by the Chinese military in Tibet. It consists of a base color of sand with grey, light-brown, mid-brown, and black.<ref>https://i.pinimg.com/originals/8f/81/77/8f81776d14baee9340654d9b2b21ed4b.jpgTemplate:Unreliable source?</ref> Although the artwork is identical to the German original the Chinese version is only a portion of the complete pattern. Among collectors it is alternatively called "Tibetarn" or Tibet flecktarn.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Better source needed</ref> The pattern was replaced by a four-color digitalized version called 07 Arid Camouflage ("07式荒漠迷彩作训服") in 2007.Template:Sfnp
Some Russian special forces have also used this same pattern. The Russian version is made locally for military contractors by SPLAV.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
PolandEdit
The Samodzielny Pododdzial Antyterrorystyczny Policji - SPAP (anti-terrorism unit of the Polish National Police) have used a five-color flecktarn variant called WZ AT 1 Plamiak, also known as Metro colloquially.Template:Sfnp The pattern is different in that it repeats itself regularly in the print at relatively short intervals.<ref name="SPL">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A woodland version referred to as Gepard has been used by the Agencja Bezpieczenstwa Wewnetrznego - ABW (Polish Internal Security Agency.)Template:Sfnp A five-color desert version was also developed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Better source needed</ref>
A flecktarn camo made by Kama is in use by the Implementation Department, Metropolitan Police Command, Warsaw Police.Template:Sfnp
IndonesiaEdit
In June 2022, Indonesia's Detasemen Khusus 88 Antiteror - DENSUS 88 AT (Police Counter-Terrorism Force) were seen wearing a flecktarn-influenced six-color camouflage uniform consisting of a tan base with three shades of green along with chocolate brown and near-black. The unit's Owl's Head logo is discretely incorporated in the pattern.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
BulgariaEdit
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A semi-digitized version of the original German five-color pattern in post-2005 colors, designated M-18, was adopted by the Bulgarian army in 2018 however the same pattern was first used by some Russian special forces Airborne troops in the early 2010s.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
YemenEdit
The Special Security Forces of Yemen adopted a five-color digitalized pattern which could be said to resemble flecktarn but with darker colours similar to the pre-2005 colorway.
FranceEdit
France's urban warfare training center, Centre d'entraînement aux actions en zone urbaine (CENZUB), located in Aisne, France outfits its trainees in a blue-dominant flecktarn pattern when taking place in OPFOR exercises. The pattern consists of white, grey, light-blue, purple, and brown <ref> CENTAC/CENZUB - La FORAD (Forces adverses permanente) blue flecktarn pattern | URL: https://iacmc.forumotion.com/t12731-centac-cenzub-la-forad-forces-adverses-permanente-blue-flecktarn-pattern | IACMC Forum</ref>
The 13e Régiment de Dragons Parachutistes (13th RDP) of the French Army officially uses the commercially produced "Schneetarn" pattern marketed by Germany company TacGear in snow environments. This winter camouflage pattern is a derivative of Danish M84 camouflage pattern, incorporating black and olive green blotches on a pure white background.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Commercial variantsEdit
- In 2013, the German company Mil-Tec introduced a new version of Flecktarn, called the Arid Flecktarn. It retains the original five-color pattern but with the color scheme resembling that of MultiCam.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> It remains a commercial variant and is not in use by any world military.
- German Woodland is a commercially available copy of five-color flecktarn produced in China. The pattern is only a portion of the original Bundeswehr pattern and the green and brown screens have been inverted. On Alibaba and Aliexpress sites it is sometimes listed as flecktarn. This Chinese copy has been used by some sections of the Armed Forces of the Kyrgyz Republic as noted during the Osh ethnic clashes of 2010.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Failed verification</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}Template:Failed verification</ref>
- Austrian Flecktarn pattern.png
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- Chinese Flecktarn.png
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- Belgian Flecktarn.png
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- French experiment Flecktarn.png
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- Flecktarn.jpg
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- Tropentarn.png
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- Indian Flecktarn.png
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- Japanese Flecktarn.png
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- Japanese Winter Flecktarn.png
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- Japanese Desert Flecktarn.png
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- Polish Urban Flecktarn.png
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- Polish Woodland Flecktarn.png
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- Flectar-D.png
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- Vzor Flectarn.JPG
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- Arid Flecktarn.png
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- M84Snow.jpg
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UsersEdit
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- Template:Flag: Used by EKO Cobra as helmet covers for their Ulbrichts AM-95 helmets.Template:Sfnp
- Template:Flag: Flecktarn used by Belgian airbase security forces and was dropped in 2000.<ref name="UFPROFL"/>
- Template:Flag: Clones made for PLA soldiers conducting training and border defense duties.Template:Sfnp
- Template:Flag: Used by Bundeswehr.<ref name="BDWR">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Template:Flag: Some used with Georgian troops in KFOR.<ref name="KNF">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Template:Flag: Asian variants used by Kyrgyz troops.Template:Sfnp
- Template:Flag: Used by some divisions of the Armed Forces of Ukraine from special forces to airborne units,Template:Sfnp including the Azov Regiment.Template:Sfnp
Non-state actorsEdit
- Atomwaffen Division<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- File:Emblema e UÇK-së.svg Kosovo Liberation Army<ref name="KNF"/>
- Republican Resistance or Óglaigh na hÉireann (ÓnaÉ)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>