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Florida cracker

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Historical usageEdit

The term cracker was in use during the Elizabethan era to describe braggarts and blowhards. The original root of this is the Middle English word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning "entertaining conversation" (which survives as a verb, as in "to crack a joke"); the noun in the Gaelicized spelling craic also retains currency in Ireland and to some extent in Scotland and Northern England, in a sense of 'fun' or 'entertainment' especially in a group setting. Cracker is documented in William Shakespeare's King John, Act II, Scene I (1595): "What cracker is this same that deafs our ears / With this abundance of superfluous breath?"

By the 1760s, the ruling classes in Britain and the American colonies applied the term cracker to Scots-Irish, Scottish, and English American settlers of the remote southern back country, as noted in a letter to the Earl of Dartmouth: "I should explain to your Lordship what is meant by Crackers; a name they have got from being great boasters; they are a lawless set of rascalls on the frontiers of Virginia, Maryland, the Carolinas, and Georgia, who often change their places of abode."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The word was later associated with the cattlemen of Georgia and Florida,<ref name="Bennett" /> many of them descendants of those early colonists who had migrated south. A folk etymology suggests that the name instead derives from the cracking of cattle-drovers' whips.<ref>Template:Cite episode</ref>

Florida cowmenEdit

File:Remington A cracker cowboy.jpg
A Cracker Cowboy (1895) by Frederic Remington, illustrating cracker Bone Mizell (1863–1921)

In Florida, those who own or work cattle traditionally have been called cowmen. In the late 19th century they were often called cowhunters, a reference to seeking out cattle scattered over the wooded rangelands during roundups. At times, the terms cowman and cracker have been used interchangeably because of similarities in their folk culture. However, the western term cowboy which is often used for those who work cattle is not the common Florida vernacular as is cowman or cowhunter.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Florida "cowhunter" or "cracker cowman" of the 19th and early 20th centuries was distinct from the Spanish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and the cowboy. Florida cattlemen's primary tools were dogs and cow whips to herd or capture cattle while also utilizing lassos. Florida cattle and horses were smaller than the western breeds. The Florida Cracker cattle, also known as the "native" or "scrub" cow, averaged about Template:Convert and had large horns and large feet.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Modern usageEdit

Among some Floridians, the term is used as a proud or jocular self-description. Since the huge influx of new residents into Florida in the late 20th and early 21st centuries from the northern United States and from Latin America, the term Florida cracker is used informally by some Floridians to indicate that their families have lived in the state for many generations. It is considered a source of pride to be descended from "frontier people who did not just live but flourished in a time before air conditioning, mosquito repellent, and screens" according to Florida history writer Dana Ste. Claire.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Since the late 20th century, the Cracker Storytelling Festival has been held annually in the fall at Homeland Heritage Park in Homeland, Florida. 2013 marked the 25th anniversary of the festival, which includes storytellers from around Florida who come to share their stories with visitors. The majority of visitors who attend this event are students,<ref name="Schottelkotte" /> because storytelling is part of the Florida educational curriculum. The festival also incorporates local crafts and artwork, food vendors, a whip-cracking contest,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and living-history re-enactment of 19th-century homestead life.<ref name="Schottelkotte">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Notable personsEdit

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