Fluid ounce

Template:Redirect Template:Short description Template:Infobox unit Template:Sister project A fluid ounce (abbreviated fl oz, fl. oz. or oz. fl., old forms ℥, fl ℥, f℥, ƒ ℥) is a unit of volume (also called capacity) typically used for measuring liquids. The British Imperial, the United States customary, and the United States food labeling fluid ounce are the three that are still in common use, although various definitions have been used throughout history.

An imperial fluid ounce is Template:Frac of an imperial pint, Template:Frac of an imperial gallon, or exactly 28.4130625 mL.

A US customary fluid ounce is Template:Frac of a US liquid pint, Template:Frac of a US gallon, or exactly 29.5735295625 mL, making it about 4.084% larger than the imperial fluid ounce.

A US food labeling fluid ounce is exactly 30 mL.

Comparison to the ounce

The fluid ounce is distinct from the (international avoirdupois) ounce as a unit of weight or mass, although it is sometimes referred to simply as an "ounce" where context makes the meaning clear (e.g., "ounces in a bottle"). A volume of pure water measuring one imperial fluid ounce has a mass of almost exactly one ounce.

Definitions and equivalences

Imperial fluid ounce

1 imperial fluid ounce	=	Template:Sfrac	imperial gallon
	=	Template:Sfrac	imperial quart
	=	Template:Sfrac	imperial pint
	=	Template:Sfrac	imperial cup
	=	Template:Sfrac	imperial gill
	=	8	imperial fluid drams
	≡	Template:Cvt	millilitres <ref name=impgal>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	≈	Template:Cvt	cubic inches
	≈	Template:Cvt	US fluid ounces
	≈	0.0258014	US dry quarts
	≈	0.0516028	US dry pints
	≈	the volume of 1 avoirdupois ounce of water<ref name=1824gal/>

US customary fluid ounce

1 US fluid ounce	=	Template:Sfrac	US gallon
	=	Template:Sfrac	US liquid quart
	≡	Template:Sfrac	US liquid pint
	=	Template:Sfrac	US cup
	=	Template:Sfrac	US gill
	=	2	US tablespoons
	=	6	US teaspoons
	=	8	US fluid drams
	=	Template:Convert	millilitres
	=	Template:Cvt	cubic inches<ref name=usgal>One US gallon is defined as exactly 231 cubic inches.</ref>
	≈	Template:Cvt	imperial fluid ounces
	≡	Template:Sfrac	US dry quart
	≡	Template:Sfrac	US dry pint
	≈	the volume of 1.0431756 avoirdupois ounces of water

US food labeling fluid ounce

For serving sizes on nutrition labels in the US, regulation 21 CFR §101.9(b) requires the use of "common household measures", and 21 CFR §101.9(b)(5)(viii) defines a "common household" fluid ounce as exactly 30 milliliters. This applies to the serving size but not the package size; package sizes use the US customary fluid ounce.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

30 millilitres	≈	Template:Cvt	imperial fluid ounces<ref name=impgal />
	≈	Template:Cvt	US customary fluid ounces<ref name=usgal />
	≈	Template:Cvt	cubic inches

History

The fluid ounce was originally the volume occupied by one ounce of some substance, for example wine (in England) or water (in Scotland). The ounce in question also varied depending on the system of fluid measure, such as that used for wine versus ale.

Various ounces were used over the centuries, including the Tower ounce, troy ounce, avoirdupois ounce, and ounces used in international trade, such as Paris troy, a situation further complicated by the medieval practice of "allowances", whereby a unit of measure was not necessarily equal to the sum of its parts. For example, the Template:Convert had a Template:Convert for the weight of the sack and other packaging materials.<ref name="ConnorSimpson2004">Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1824, the British Parliament defined the imperial gallon as the volume of ten pounds of water at standard temperature.<ref name=1824gal>The imperial gallon was originally defined as the volume occupied by ten avoirdupois pounds (Template:Cvt) of distilled water weighed in air with brass weights with the barometer standing at Template:Convert at a temperature of Template:Convert.</ref> The gallon was divided into four quarts, the quart into two pints, the pint into four gills, and the gill into five ounces; thus, there were 160 imperial fluid ounces to the gallon.

This made the mass of a fluid ounce of water one avoirdupois ounce (Template:Cvt), a relationship which remains approximately valid today despite the imperial gallon's definition being slightly revised to be Template:Convert (thus making the imperial fluid ounce exactly Template:Cvt).

The US fluid ounce is based on the US gallon, which in turn is based on the wine gallon of 231 cubic inches that was used in the United Kingdom prior to 1824. With the adoption of the international inch, the US fluid ounce became Template:Nowrap × Template:Nowrap × Template:Nowrap = Template:Cvt exactly, or about 4.084% larger than the imperial unit.

In the U.K., the use of the fluid ounce as a measurement in trade, public health, and public administration was circumscribed to a few specific uses (the labelling of beer, cider, water, lemonade and fruit juice in returnable containers) in 1995, and abolished entirely in 2000, by The Units of Measurement Regulations 1994.<ref name=UMR1994>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>