Folivore
In zoology, a folivore is a herbivore that specializes in eating leaves. Mature leaves contain a high proportion of hard-to-digest cellulose, less energy than other types of foods, and often toxic compounds.<ref name=" encylopediahumanevolution">Jones, S., Martin, R., & Pilbeam, D. (1994) The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press</ref> For this reason, folivorous animals tend to have long digestive tracts and slow metabolisms. Many enlist the help of symbiotic bacteria to release the nutrients in their diet. Additionally, as has been observed in folivorous primates, they exhibit a strong preference for immature leaves which tend to be easier to masticate, are higher in energy and protein, and lower in fibre and poisons than more mature fibrous leaves.<ref name= encylopediahumanevolution />
Folivory and flightEdit
It has been observed that folivory is extremely rare among flying vertebrates.<ref name="FunctionalEcology">Template:Cite journal</ref> Morton (1978) attributed this to the fact that leaves are heavy, slow to digest, and contain little energy relative to other foods.<ref name="FunctionalEcology" /> The hoatzin is an example of a flighted, folivorous bird, but it is a weak flier, due to the well-developed foregut (used to digest its food) reducing the area available for flight muscles to attach.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> There are, however, many species of folivorous flying insects.
Some bats are partially folivorous; their method of deriving nourishment from leaves, according to Lowry (1989), is to chew up the leaves, swallowing the sap and spitting out the remainder.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Arboreal folivoresEdit
Arboreal mammalian folivores, such as sloths, koalas, and some species of monkeys and lemurs, tend to be large and climb cautiously.<ref name="CautiousClimbing">Template:Cite journal</ref> Similarities in body shape and head- and tooth-structure between early hominoids and various families of arboreal folivores have been advanced as evidence that early hominoids were also folivorous.<ref name="CautiousClimbing" />
PrimatesEdit
Standard ecological theory predicts relatively large group sizes for folivorous primates, as large groups offer better collective defense against predators and they face little competition for food among each other. It has been observed that these animals nevertheless frequently live in small groups. Explanations offered for this apparent paradox include social factors such as increased incidence of infanticide in large groups.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Folivorous primates are relatively rare in the New World, the primary exception being howler monkeys. One explanation that has been offered is that fruiting and leafing occur simultaneously among New World plants. However a 2001 study found no evidence for simultaneous fruiting and leafing at most sites, apparently disproving this hypothesis.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
ExamplesEdit
Examples of folivorous animals include:
- Mammals: okapis, elephants, sloths, possums, giant pandas, koalas and various species of monkey, i.e. New World howlers and Old World colobines
- Birds: The hoatzin of the Amazon region and the kākāpō of New Zealand
- Reptiles: iguanas<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Insects: various kinds of caterpillars, sawflies, beetles, leaf miners and Orthoptera
- Others: many land gastropod species (snails and slugs)
See alsoEdit
- Consumer-resource systems
- Leaf miner, the folivorous strategy of many insects