Francesco Scipione Maffei

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox person Francesco Scipione Maffei ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}; 1 June 1675 – 11 February 1755) was an Italian writer and art critic, author of many articles and plays. An antiquarian with a humanist education whose publications on Etruscan antiquities stand as incunables of Etruscology, he engaged in running skirmishes in print with his rival in the field of antiquities, Antonio Francesco Gori.

Early careerEdit

Maffei was of the illustrious family that originated in Bologna; his brother was General Alessandro Maffei, whose memoirs he edited and published. He studied for five years in Parma, at the Jesuit College, and afterwards, from 1698, at Rome,<ref name=EB1911/> where he became a member of the Accademia degli Arcadi; on his return to Verona he established a local Arcadia.

In 1703, he volunteered to fight for Bavaria in the War of Spanish Succession,<ref name=EB1911>{{#if: |

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  }}{{#ifeq:  ||}}</ref> and saw action in 1704 at the Battle of Schellenberg, near Donauwörth.<ref>Template:CathEncy</ref> His brother, Alessandro, was second in command at the battle.

In 1709, he went to Padua, where he briefly collaborated with Apostolo Zeno and Antonio Valisnieri in editing the ambitious literary periodical the Giornale de' Letterati d'Italia, which had but a short career.<ref>Brendan Dooley, Science, Politics, and Society in Eighteenth-Century Italy: The Giornale de' letterati d'Italia and Its World.</ref><ref name=EB1911/>

Theatre projectsEdit

Subsequently, an acquaintance with the actor Riccoboni led him to exert himself for the improvement of dramatic art in Italy<ref name=EB1911/> and a revitalized Italian theatre. His masterpiece, the tragedy Merope, 1714, brought him popularity in Europe; it was famed for its rapid action and the elimination of the prologue and chorus. Other works for the theatre include Teatro Italiano, a small collection of works for presentation on the stage, in 1723–1725; and Le Ceremonie, an original comedy, in 1728. A complete edition of his works appeared at Venice (28 vols. 8vo in 1790).<ref name=EB1911/>

His collections and antiquarian publicationsEdit

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Scipione Maffei

In 1710, he spent some time studying the manuscripts in the Royal Library at Turin; while there he arranged the collection of objects of art which the late Carlo Emanuele, Duke of Savoy had brought from Rome. From 1718 he became especially interested in the archaeology of his native town, and his investigations resulted in the valuable Verona illustrata (1731–1732).<ref name=EB1911/>

Maffei devoted the years 1732–1736 to travel in France, England, the Netherlands and Germany. In 1732 he went to the south of France for purposes of archaeological research and from there he went to Paris, where he remained four years and was received as member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres. On a visit to London in 1736, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref> and received at Oxford University, where he was honoured with a doctoral degree; he returned through Holland and Germany to Verona. He was a friend of Francesco Algarotti, who wrote him many letters.

On his return to Verona, he built a museum, which he bequeathed, together with his valuable archaeological and artistic collection, to his native city. He bequeathed his collection of manuscripts to the canons of the cathedral of Verona. In later life he became interested in astronomy and physics, and built an observatory to study the stars.

Philosophical treatisesEdit

Upon returning from his journey in 1736, Maffei wrote the Consiglio politico addressed to the Venetian government. In the treatise, Maffei questioned the structure of Venice's aristocratic government, and suggested the opening of public offices to the elites of the Venetian mainland domains. Ultimately, the Consiglio politico advocated introducing into the government of the Republic of Venice elements of political representation, which Maffei had identified in his antiquarian studies of the Roman constitution, and later observed in foreign lands during his European travels. Maffei did not actually present his Consiglio politico to the Venetian government. The treatise was only published posthumously, shortly before the fall of the Republic of Venice in 1797. It circulated during the Risorgimento, and might have influenced Carlo Cattaneo's federalist ideas.<ref>Guido G. Beduschi, "To imitate the Ancients, having adopted the Corrections of the Moderns: Scipione Maffei’s Consiglio politico", Storia della storiografia, 77, 1/2020, 27–52. DOI:10.19272/202011501002</ref>

The Jesuits requested Maffei to write in defence of the orthodox system of grace against the doctrine of the Jansenists, which resulted in his Istoria teologica delle doctrine e delle opinione corse ne cinque primo secoli della chiesa in proposito della divina grazia, del libero arbitrio e della predestinazione, published at Trent, 1742.<ref>"Teleological History of the Doctrines and the Opinions Current in the First Five Centuries of the Church in Regard to Divine Grace, Free Will and Predestination"; it was published in Latin in Frankfort, 1765.</ref>

He also published a letter and a book arguing against the existence of supernatural magic and witches, that mixes both enlightenment thinking and theologic arguments based on scripture. <ref>Arte magica annichilata, 1754.</ref> This letter on magic was subsequently printed in Augustin Calmet's dissertation on magic and vampires titled Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenans de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c. (1751).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Posthumous reputationEdit

The secondary school 'Liceo Maffei' in Verona is named in his honour.

He is also known for having written a description of Bartolomeo Cristofori's invention of a hammer mechanism for the harpsichord, work widely considered to comprise the invention of the piano.<ref>Stewart Pollens, The Early Pianoforte, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1995:43–95.</ref> Maffei published the article in the Giornale de' Letterati d’Italia in 1711.<ref>Scipione Maffei, "Nuova invenzione d’un Gravecembalo col Piano e Forte aggiunte alcune considerazione sopra gli strumenti musicali", in: Giornale de' Letterati d’Italia V, 1711, 144–59.</ref> Maffei was one of the editors of the Giornale. Maffei reprinted the article in his Rime e Prose, a collection of some of his writings, published in Venice in 1719.

The Italian poet and translator Ippolito Pindemonte published a biographical elegy on his friend.<ref>Elogio del marchese Scipione Maffei, 1790.</ref>

Selected publicationsEdit

File:Maffei, Scipione – Della formazione de' fulmini, 1747 – BEIC 1400521.jpg

Della formazione de' fulmini, 1747

Per la nascita del principe di Piemonte genteliaco (Rome, 1699); *Conclusioni di amore (Verona, 1702);
La prima radunanza della colonia arcadica Veronese (Cervia, 1705);
La scienza cavalleresca (Rome, 1710), a treatise against duelling;
De fabula equestris ordinis Constantiniani (Zurich, 1712; Paris, 1714), written to prove that the orders of knighthood all date only from the Crusades and affording valuable information concerning the aristocracy of the early Middle Ages;
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Dell' antica condizione di Verona (Venice, 1719);
Istoria diplomatica (Mantua, 1727), publishing original documents;
Teatro del Marchese Maffei (Venice, 1730), his collected works for the theater, including La Merope, La Ceremonie, La Fida Ninfa ;
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Consiglio politico finora inedito presentato al governo veneto nell'anno 1736 (1736; published in Venice, 1797);
Graecorum siglae lapidariae collectae atque explicatae (Verona, 1746);
Della formazione dei fulmini (Verona, 1747);
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Il Raguet (Verona, 1787), a comedy;
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Supplemento al Tesoro delle Inscrizioni di Muratori (Lucca, 1765); this was published by Donati according to notes collected by Maffei for a complete work on inscriptions
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