GWR 4100 Class
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Template:Infobox locomotive
The GWR 4100 Class was a class of steam locomotives in the Great Western Railway (GWR) of the United Kingdom.
The Badminton class express passenger 4-4-0 steam locomotives were introduced in 1897 as a development from the earlier Duke class. The name Badminton was chosen after the Duke of Beaufort's Badminton estate, through which the GWR was building a new line to South Wales at the time.<ref name="Davies1993">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Further modifications to the design resulted in the Atbara Class entering service in 1900, the names for these locomotives generally being taken from contemporary military engagements or senior army commanders. Later engines were named after cities of the British Empire.
The final batch of locomotives were named after varieties of garden plant and in consequence were known as the Flower Class.
These three types were later standardised and treated as a single class, so are listed together here. Four other prototype 4-4-0s, originally built in 1894 as the Armstrong Class, were also later rebuilt as Badmintons (see below).
This class were subject to the 1912 renumbering of GWR 4-4-0 locomotives, which saw the Bulldog Class gathered together in the series 3300–3455, and other types renumbered out of that series. This class took numbers 4100–4172 (of which numbers 4101–4120 had previously been used by Flower Class locomotives).
Badminton classEdit
The first member of the class, No. 3292, was completed in December 1897 with a domed parallel boiler, a raised Belpaire firebox and an extended, built-up smokebox similar to that used on the Duke Class.<ref name=Hol74>Template:Harvnb</ref> The outside frames were curved over each driving wheel axle.<ref name=OSNa32>Template:Harvnb</ref> It was named Badminton in April 1898.<ref name=OSNa33>Template:Harvnb</ref> A batch of eleven locomotives, Nos. 3293 to 3303, were completed between April and July 1898, with a further batch of eight, Nos. 3304 to 3311, between September 1898 and January 1899.<ref name=OSNa34>Template:Harvnb</ref> The class were the first locomotives on the GWR to be fitted with copper Belpaire fireboxes.<ref name=Hol68>Template:Harvnb</ref> The penultimate example, No. 3310 Waterford, was fitted with a domeless parallel boiler, a steel Belpaire firebox, and an enlarged cab.<ref name=OSNa34/><ref name=Hol68/>
The class were fitted with a steam chest and slide valves located beneath the cylinders. The valves were driven by Stephenson valve gear.<ref name=Hol67>Template:Harvnb</ref> This inverted arrangement of slide valves and steam chest, originally introduced by William Stroudley of the LB&SCR, allowed the valves to drop away from the cylinder's steam port faces when the regulator was closed, thus reducing wear.<ref name=Hol62>Template:Harvnb</ref> Because the steam chest was below the cylinders, and not between them, the latter could have an increased diameter. The centre line of the cylinders was inclined at an angle of 6° to the centre line of the valves, each centre line being aligned with the driving centre. This arrangement allowed the valve rods to be driven directly from the expansion link.<ref name=Hol62/><ref name=OSNa10>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name=OSNa46>Template:Harvnb</ref> First used on the Armstrong and 3031 Classes, this arrangement of cylinders, valves and valve gear was subsequently used on all GWR outside framed 4-4-0s, with the slide valves being eventually replaced by piston valves.<ref name=OSNa27>Template:Harvnb</ref>
The crankpins for the coupling rods were placed in line with the corresponding inside crankpins for the connecting rods.<ref name=OSNa34/><ref name=Hol68/> This arrangement was also developed by Stroudley, who claimed that the motion of the inside cranks was smoothly transferred to the coupling rods, as happens in an outside-cylindered engine, where the connecting rod acts directly on a crankpin shared with the coupling rod. According to Stroudley, the axleboxes, bearing surfaces, hornblocks and coupling rods of locomotives with outside cylinders had a service life twice as long as those on inside-cylindered examples.<ref name=OSNa13>Template:Harvnb</ref> However, by aligning the two cranks together, heavy balancing weights were required on the driving wheels, at 180° to the outside crank, to counteract the combined mass of the cranks and rods.<ref name=OSNa34/> The Badmintons had massive crescent-shaped balancing weights, which made the unmounted pairs of wheels difficult to handle in the workshop.<ref name=Hol68/>
| Numbers | Names | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| First | Second (1912) | First | Second |
| 3292 | 4100 | Badminton | |
| 3293 | 4101 | Barrington | |
| 3294 | 4102 | Blenheim | |
| 3295 | 4103 | Bessborough | |
| 3296 | 4104 | Cambria | |
| 3297 | 4105 | Earl Cawdor | |
| 3298 | 4106 | Grosvenor | |
| 3299 | 4107 | Hubbard | Alexander Hubbard |
| 3300 | 4108 | Hotspur | |
| 3301 | 4109 | Monarch | |
| 3302 | 4110 | Mortimer | Charles Mortimer |
| 3303 | 4111 | Marlborough | |
| 3304 | 4112 | Oxford | Name removed in 1927 |
| 3305 | 4113 | Samson | |
| 3306 | 4114 | Shelburne | |
| 3307 | 4115 | Shrewsbury | Name removed in 1927 |
| 3308 | 4116 | Savernake | |
| 3309 | 4117 | Shakespeare | |
| 3310 | 4118 | Waterford | |
| 3311 | 4119 | Wynnstay | |
One locomotive of the Badminton Class was rebuilt with an experimental boiler. With the impending opening of the direct Reading–Taunton line which was of more undulating nature than the route via Bristol, there was a need to ensure that the most appropriate locomotives were provided. Churchward's Chief Assistant, F.G. Wright, designed a large boiler with a very deep firebox, which was fitted to No. 3297 Earl Cawdor in July 1903.<ref name=OSNa62-63>Template:Harvnb</ref> The boiler was designed to hold a large volume of hot water, forming a reservoir to assist the locomotive running along an undulating line.<ref name=OSNa62>Template:Harvnb</ref> It also provided a steam space of Template:Convert compared to the Template:Convert of the Standard No. 4 boiler, the larger of the two standard boiler models fitted to the 4-4-0s.<ref name=Hol82>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name=OSNa63>Template:Harvnb</ref> This increase in volume was intended to provide a reservoir of steam.<ref name="OSNa63"/> The firebox was set deep between the coupled axles, with a horizontal grate.<ref name=OSNa62/> The intent was to allow a thick fire to be built up, increasing the area of the firebox in contact with the fire, and decreasing the temperature gradient along the firebox plates, thus reducing the risk of broken firebox stays.<ref name=OSNa62-63/> The boiler was pressed to Template:Convert.<ref name=OSNa63/> No. 3297 was also fitted with a large cab with two side windows, reminiscent of North Eastern practice.<ref name=OSNa63/><ref name=RCTSGWR7>Template:Harvnb</ref> The locomotive was regularly rostered on the most demanding trains, but it soon became apparent that it was not up to the work demanded and it was relegated to secondary duties. In October 1906 the boiler was removed and replaced by a Standard No. 4 boiler, the North Eastern style side-window cab having been replaced by a Churchward type in November 1904.<ref name=RCTSGWR7/>
Atbara classEdit
No. 3373 Atbara was built in April 1900, the first of a class of forty locomotives.<ref name=OSNb88>Template:Harvnb</ref> Instead of the curved outside frames of the Badmintons, this class had straight-topped frames, which became the standard pattern for all subsequent outside-framed 4-4-0s.<ref name=OSNa43>Template:Harvnb</ref> These straight frames were less prone to fracturing, because of the greater depth of plate between the coupled wheels.<ref name=Hol68/> The Atbaras retained the Stroudley crank layout, cylinders, valves and valve gear of the Badmintons, but differed in the boiler, which was a parallel domeless Standard No. 2 type.<ref name=OSNa45>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name=OSNa94>Template:Harvnb</ref> No. 3405 Mauritius was reboilered in September 1902 with a tapered boiler, a prototype for the Standard No. 4 type.<ref name=OSNa58>Template:Harvnb</ref> It was the first GWR 4-4-0 to be fitted with a tapered (or coned) boiler.<ref name=OSNa57>Template:Harvnb</ref> Following this, another nine Atbaras, nos. 3400 to 3404 and 3406 to 3409, were rebuilt with No. 4 boilers between February 1907 and February 1909. The ten were added to the City Class.<ref name="OSNb88"/><ref name=OSNb39>Template:Harvnb</ref> No. 3382 Mafeking was heavily damaged in an accident that occurred just after midnight on 25 June 1911 at Template:Stnlnk. Adjudged unrepairable, it was withdrawn in September 1911, so was not included in the 1912 renumbering.<ref name=Ferris>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The remaining Atbaras were withdrawn between April 1927 and May 1931.<ref name=OSNb88/>
| Numbers | Names | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| First | Second (1912) | First | Second | Third |
| 3373 | 4120 | Atbara | ||
| 3374 | 4121 | Baden Powell | ||
| 3375 | 4122 | Conqueror | Edgcumbe | Colonel Edgcumbe |
| 3376 | 4123 | Herschell | Name removed in 1914 | |
| 3377 | 4124 | Kitchener | ||
| 3378 | 4125 | Khartoum | ||
| 3379 | 4126 | Kimberley | ||
| 3380 | 4127 | Ladysmith | ||
| 3381 | 4128 | Maine | ||
| 3382 | Withdrawn | Mafeking | ||
| 3383 | 4129 | Kekewich | ||
| 3384 | 4130 | Omdurman | ||
| 3385 | 4131 | Powerful | ||
| 3386 | 4132 | Pembroke | Name removed in 1930 | |
| 3387 | 4133 | Roberts | ||
| 3388 | 4134 | Sir Redvers | ||
| 3389 | 4135 | Sir Daniel | Pretoria | |
| 3390 | 4136 | Terrible | ||
| 3391 | 4137 | Wolseley | ||
| 3392 | 4138 | White | ||
| 3393 | 4139 | Auckland | ||
| 3394 | 4140 | Adelaide | Name removed in 1910 | |
| 3395 | 4141 | Aden | ||
| 3396 | 4142 | Brisbane | ||
| 3397 | 4143 | Cape Town | ||
| 3398 | 4144 | Colombo | ||
| 3399 | 4145 | Dunedin | ||
| 3400 | City 3700 | Durban | ||
| 3401 | City 3701 | Gibraltar | ||
| 3402 | City 3702 | Halifax | ||
| 3403 | City 3703 | Hobart | ||
| 3404 | City 3704 | Lyttelton | ||
| 3405 | City 3705 | Mauritius | ||
| 3406 | City 3706 | Melbourne | ||
| 3407 | City 3707 | Malta | ||
| 3408 | City 3708 | Killarney | ||
| 3409 | City 3709 | Quebec | ||
| 3410 | 4146 | Sydney | ||
| 3411 | 4147 | St. Johns | ||
| 3412 | 4148 | Singapore | ||
Flower classEdit
The Flower Class were fitted with deeper outside frames than the Atbaras, and a new design of bogie developed from the type fitted to the French de Glehn Atlantics.<ref name=OSNa81>Template:Harvnb</ref> Twenty of the class were built between May and July 1908. Three were withdrawn in July 1927, with the last withdrawal, no. 4150 Begonia, going in April 1931.<ref name=OSNb89>Template:Harvnb</ref>
| Numbers | Name | |
|---|---|---|
| First | Second (1912) | |
| 4101 | 4149 | Auricula |
| 4102 | 4150 | Begonia |
| 4103 | 4151 | Calceolaria |
| 4104 | 4152 | Calendula |
| 4105 | 4153 | Camellia |
| 4106 | 4154 | Campanula |
| 4107 | 4155 | Cineraria |
| 4108 | 4156 | Gardenia |
| 4109 | 4157 | Lobelia |
| 4110 | 4158 | Petunia |
| 4111 | 4159 | Anemone |
| 4112 | 4160 | Carnation |
| 4113 | 4161 | Hyacinth |
| 4114 | 4162 | Marguerite |
| 4115 | 4163 | Marigold |
| 4116 | 4164 | Mignonette |
| 4117 | 4165 | Narcissus |
| 4118 | 4166 | Polyanthus |
| 4119 | 4167 | Primrose |
| 4120 | 4168 | Stephanotis |
Prototype 4-4-0 locomotivesEdit
The Armstrong Class were a group of four locomotives designed by William Dean and built in 1894 with Template:Convert driving wheels.<ref name=OSNa12>Template:Harvnb</ref> In April 1915 no. 16 Brunel was rebuilt with Template:Convert wheels and piston valves, having already been fitted with a Standard No.2 boiler. It was renumbered 4169 as a member of the Flower Class.<ref name=OSNb60>Template:Harvnb</ref> No. 14 Charles Saunders was converted in May 1917, and the remaining two were dealt with in February 1923.<ref name=LeF27>Template:Harvnb</ref>
| Numbers | Date Renumbered |
Names | Date Withdrawn | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First | Second | First | Second | ||
| 16 | 4169 | April 1915 | Brunel | July 1930 | |
| 14 | 4170 | May 1917 | Charles Saunders | August 1928 | |
| 7 | 4171 | February 1923 | Charles Saunders | Armstrong | September 1928 |
| 8 | 4172 | February 1923 | Gooch | April 1929 | |
ReferencesEdit
BibliographyEdit
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- GWR Engines Names, Numbers Types & Classes. Originally published by the Great Western Railway and Great Western Railway Magazine 1911 and 1928. Reprinted: David & Charles, Newton Abbot, Devon. 1971. Template:ISBN
External linksEdit
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