Gap creationism

Gap creationism (also known as ruin-restoration creationism, restoration creationism, or "the Gap Theory") is a form of creationism that posits that the six-yom creation period, as described in the Book of Genesis, involved six literal 24-hour days (light being "day" and dark "night" as God specified), but that there was a gap of time between two distinct creations in the first and the second verses of Genesis, which the theory states explains many scientific observations, including the age of the Earth.<ref>Evolution vs. Creationism: An Introduction, Eugenie Scott, pp61-62</ref><ref>The Scientific Case Against Scientific Creationism, Jon P. Alston, p24</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It differs from day-age creationism, which posits that the 'days' of creation were much longer periods (of thousands or millions of years), and from young Earth creationism, which although it agrees concerning the six literal 24-hour days of creation, does not posit any gap of time.

History

From 1814,<ref name=McIver>Template:Cite journal </ref> Thomas Chalmers popularized gap creationism;<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> he attributed the concept to the 17th-century Dutch Arminian theologian Simon Episcopius. Chalmers wrote: Template:Quotation

Chalmers became a divinity professor at the University of Edinburgh, founder of the Free Church of Scotland, and author of one of the Bridgewater Treatises. Other early proponents of gap creationism included Oxford University geology professor and fellow Bridgewater author William Buckland, Sharon Turner and Edward Hitchcock.<ref name=McIver/> The idea gained widespread attention when a "second creative act"<ref name="SRNO">Scofield References Notes online, verse by verse notes on Genesis 1.</ref> was discussed prominently in the reference notes for Genesis in the influential 1917 Scofield Reference Bible.<ref name="McIver" />

In 1954, a few years before the re-emergence of young-Earth flood geology eclipsed gap creationism, influential evangelical theologian Bernard Ramm wrote in The Christian View of Science and Scripture:<ref name="McIver" /> Template:Quotation

Ramm's book became influential in the formation of another alternative to gap creationism, that of progressive creationism, which found favour with more conservative members of the American Scientific Affiliation (a fellowship of scientists who are Christians), with the more modernist wing of that fellowship favouring theistic evolution.<ref>Numbers(2006) p208</ref>

Religious proponents of this form of creationism have included Oral Roberts, Cyrus I. Scofield, Harry Rimmer, Jimmy Swaggart,<ref>Numbers(2006), p11</ref> Perry Stone, G. H. Pember, L. Allen Higley,<ref name="McIver" /> Arthur Pink, Peter Ruckman, Finis Jennings Dake, Chuck Missler, E. W. Bullinger, Charles Welch, <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Victor Paul Wierwille,<ref name="PFAL">Template:Cite book</ref> Donald Grey Barnhouse, Herbert W. Armstrong, Garner Ted Armstrong, Michael Pearl and Clarence Larkin.<ref> Unformed and Unfilled, Weston Fields, Template:ISBN, p43. </ref>

Interpretation of Genesis

File:Re-creation (Gap) Theory.png

Gap creationism

Some gap creationists may believe that science has proven beyond reasonable doubt that the Earth is far older than can be accounted for by, for instance, adding up the ages of Biblical patriarchs as James Ussher famously attempted in the 17th century when he developed the Ussher chronology.

For some, the gap theory allows both the Genesis creation account and geological science to be inerrant in matters of scientific fact. Gap creationists believe that certain facts about the past and the age of the Earth have been omitted from the Genesis account; they hold that there was a gap of time in the biblical account that lasted an unknown number of years between a first creation in Template:Bibleverse and a second creation (or restoration) in Template:Bibleverse. By positing such an event, various observations in a wide range of fields, including the age of the Earth, the age of the universe, dinosaurs, fossils, ice cores, ice ages, and geological formations are allowed by adherents<ref name="Chafer"/><ref name="Thieme">Thieme (1974)</ref><ref name="KJVG">The Bible, Genesis, and Geology, Gaines Johnson, 1997.</ref> to have occurred as outlined by science without contradicting their literal belief in Genesis.

Biblical support

Because there is no specific information given in Genesis concerning the proposed gap of time, other scriptures are used to support and explain what may have occurred during this period and to explain the specific linguistic reasoning behind this interpretation of the Hebrew text. A short list of examples is given below:

• The Masoretic Text contains a small mark at the end of Genesis 1:1, referred to as a rebhia, which acts as a "disjunctive accent", indicating that the reader is to pause before proceeding to the next verse. It is one indication, among others, that the waw which introduces verse 2 should be translated "but" rather than "and".<ref>Custance, Arthur C., Without Form and Void, 1970, pp. 18-19.</ref>
• The word "was" in Template:Bibleverse for some adherents is more accurately translated "became". Such a word choice makes the gap interpretation easier to see in modern English.<ref name="Thieme"/><ref name="WFAV">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Pink">Pink (2007)</ref>

• God is perfect and everything He does is perfect, so a newly created Earth from the hand of God should not have been without form and void and shrouded in darkness. Template:Bibleverse, Template:Bibleverse Template:Bibleverse<ref name="Chafer">Chafer (1964), p15-27</ref><ref name="Thieme"/><ref name="Pink"/>
• The Holy Spirit was "renewing" the face of the Earth as he hovered over the face of the waters, noting that the water-covered planet already existed. Template:Bibleverse<ref name=Thieme/><ref name=Pink/>
• Angels already existed in a state of grace when God "laid the foundations of the Earth", so there had been at least one creative act of God before the six days of Genesis. Template:Bibleverse<ref name=Thieme/>
• Satan and his angels caused the war in Heaven (Template:Bibleverse) and had fallen from grace (Template:Bibleverse) (Template:Bibleverse) "in the beginning" which, since the serpent tempted Adam and Eve, had to have occurred before the Fall of man. Template:Bibleverse, Template:Bibleverse, Template:Bibleverse<ref name=Chafer/><ref name=Thieme/>

See also

• Answers in Genesis
• Dating creation
• Silurian hypothesis

References

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Further reading

• Sailhammer, John, Genesis Unbound (Multnomah Books, 1996, Template:ISBN).