Geography of Greenland

Greenland is located between the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Canada and northwest of Iceland. The territory comprises the island of Greenland—the largest island in the world—and more than a hundred other smaller islands (see alphabetic list). Greenland has a Template:Convert border with Canada on Hans Island.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A sparse population is confined to small settlements along certain sectors of the coast. Greenland possesses the world's second-largest ice sheet.

Greenland sits atop the Greenland plate, a subplate of the North American Plate.<ref>Template:Cite EB1911</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Greenland craton is made up of some of the oldest rocks on the face of the earth. The Isua greenstone belt in southwestern Greenland contains the oldest known rocks on Earth, dated at 3.7–3.8 billion years old.<ref>Appel, Peter W.U., Hugh R. Rollinson, and Jacques L.R. Touret. (2001) "Remnants of an Early Archaean (>3.75 Ga) sea-floor, hydrothermal system in the Isua Greenstone Belt." Precambrian Research, 112.1–2, 15 November, pp. 27–49.</ref>

The vegetation is generally sparse, with the only patch of forested land being found in Nanortalik Municipality in the extreme south near Cape Farewell.

The climate is arctic to subarctic, with cool summers and cold winters. The terrain is mostly a flat but gradually sloping icecap that covers all land except for a narrow, mountainous, barren, rocky coast. The lowest elevation is sea level and the highest elevation is the summit of Gunnbjørn Fjeld, the highest point in the Arctic at Template:Convert. The northernmost point of the island of Greenland is Cape Morris Jesup, discovered by Admiral Robert Peary in 1900. Natural resources include zinc, lead, iron ore, coal, molybdenum, gold, platinum, uranium, hydropower and fish.

Area

Total area: 2,166,086 km²

Land area: 2,166,086 km² (410,449 km² ice-free, 1,755,637 km² ice-covered)

Maritime claims:

Territorial sea: Template:Convert

Exclusive fishing zone: Template:Convert

Land use

Arable land: approximately 6%; some land is used to grow silage.
Permanent crops: Approximately 0%
Other: 100% (2012 est.)

The total population comprises around 56,000 inhabitants, of whom approximately 18,000 live in the capital, Nuuk.

Natural hazards

Continuous ice sheet covers 84% of the country; the rest is permafrost.

Environment – current issues

Protection of the Arctic environment, climate change, pollution of the food chain, excessive hunting<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> of endangered species (walrus, polar bears, narwhal, beluga whale and several sea birds).

Climate

File:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 GRL 1991–2020.svg

Köppen–Geiger climate classification map at 1-km resolution for Greenland 1991–2020

File:Retreat of the Helheim Glacier, Greenland.jpg

Retreat of the Helheim Glacier, Greenland

File:Cambios en la capa de hielo de Groenlandia.jpg

Map of Greenland's rate of change in ice sheet height

File:Topographic map of Greenland bedrock.jpg

Map of Greenland bedrock

Greenland's climate is a tundra climate on and near the coasts and an ice cap climate in inland areas. It typically has short, cool summers and long, moderately cold winters.

Due to Gulf Stream influences, Greenland's winter temperatures are very mild for its latitude. In Nuuk, the capital, average winter temperatures are only Template:Cvt.<ref name ="nuuk-climate">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In comparison, the average winter temperatures for Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada, are around Template:Cvt.<ref name="iqaluit-climate">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Conversely, summer temperatures are very low, with an average high around Template:Cvt.<ref name="nuuk-climate" /> This is too low to sustain trees, and the land is treeless tundra.

On the Greenland ice sheet, the temperature is far below freezing throughout the year,<ref name=summit-camp-climate>Template:Cite journal</ref> and record high temperatures have peaked only slightly above freezing. The record high temperature at Summit Camp is Template:Cvt.<ref name="summit-camp-climate2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In the far south of Greenland, there is a very small forest in the Qinngua Valley, due to summer temperatures being barely high enough to sustain trees. There are mountains over Template:Convert high surrounding the valley, which protect it from cold, fast winds travelling across the ice sheet.<ref name="Qinngua Valley">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is the only natural forest in Greenland, but is only Template:Convert long. Template:Weather box

Climate change

The Greenland ice sheet is Template:Convert thick and broad enough to blanket an area the size of Mexico. The ice is so massive that its weight presses the bedrock of Greenland below sea level and is so all-concealing that not until recently did scientists discover Greenland's Grand Canyon or the possibility that Greenland might actually be three islands.<ref name="latimes2006-06-25">"Greenland's Ice Sheet Is Slip-Sliding Away", Los Angeles Times, June 25, 2006</ref>

If the ice melted, the interior bedrock below sea level would be covered by water. It is not clear whether this water would be at sea level or a lake above sea level. If it would be at sea level it could connect to the sea at Ilulissat Icefjord, in Baffin Bay and near Nordostrundingen, creating three large islands.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> But it is most likely that it would be a lake with one drain.

It is thought that before the last Ice Age, Greenland had mountainous edges and a lowland (and probably very dry) center which drained to the sea via one big river flowing out westwards, past where Disko Island is now.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

There is concern about sea level rise caused by ice loss (melt and glaciers falling into the sea) on Greenland. Between 1997 and 2003 ice loss was Template:Convert, compared to about Template:Convert for 1993/4–1998/9. Half of the increase was from higher summer melting, with the rest caused by the movements of some glaciers exceeding the speeds needed to balance upstream snow accumulation.<ref>Krabill, W., et al., 2004, Greenland Ice Sheet: increased Coastal Thinning, Geophysical Research Letters, 31 L24402</ref> A complete loss of ice on Greenland would cause a sea level rise of as much as Template:Convert.

Researchers at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the University of Kansas reported in February 2006 that the glaciers are melting twice as fast as they were five years prior. By 2005, Greenland was beginning to lose more ice volume than anyone expected – an annual loss of up to Template:Convert per year, according to more recent satellite gravity measurements released by JPL. The increased ice loss may be partially offset by increased snow accumulation due to increased precipitation.

Between 1991 and 2006, monitoring of the weather at one location (Swiss Camp) found that the average winter temperature had risen almost Template:Convert.

Recently, Greenland's three largest outlet glaciers have started moving faster, satellite data show. These are the Jacobshavn Isbræ at Ilulissat (Jacobshavn) on the western edge of Greenland, and the Kangerdlugssuaq and Helheim glaciers on the eastern edge of Greenland. The two latter accelerated greatly during the years 2004–2005, but returned to pre-2004 velocities in 2006.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The accelerating ice flow has been accompanied by a dramatic increase in seismic activity. In March 2006, researchers at Harvard University and the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University reported that the glaciers now generate swarms of earthquakes up to magnitude 5.0.<ref name="latimes2006-06-25" />

The retreat of Greenland's ice is revealing islands that were thought to be part of the mainland. In September 2005 Dennis Schmitt discovered an island Template:Convert north of the Arctic Circle in eastern Greenland which he named Uunartoq Qeqertaq, Inuit for "warming island".<ref>"The Warming of Greenland", New York Times, January 16, 2007</ref>

Future projections

In the Arctic, temperatures are rising faster than anywhere else in the world. Greenland is losing 200 billion tonnes of ice per year. Research suggests that this could increase the sea levels' rise by 30 centimeters by the end of the century. These projections have the possibility of changing as satellite data only dates back to 40 years ago. This means that researchers must view old photographs of glaciers and compare them to ones taken today to determine the future of Greenland's ice.<ref>"180,000 forgotten photos reveal the future of Greenland’s ice", Nature, July 27, 2016</ref>

Temperature extremes

Highest temperatures

Month	Temperature	Date	Location
January	Template:Convert	29 January 2003	Nuuk, Sermersooq
February	Template:Convert	20 February 2005	Nanortailak, Kujalleq
March	Template:Convert	31 March 1975	Narsarsuaq, Kujalleq
April	Template:Convert	26 April 2016	Narsarsuaq, Kujalleq
May	Template:Convert	29 May 2012	Narsarsuaq, Kujalleq
June	Template:Convert	23 June 1915	Ivittuut, Sermersooq
July	Template:Convert	6 July 2008	Nuuk, Sermersooq
August	Template:Convert	3 August 1899	Tasillaq, Sermersooq
September	Template:Convert	2 September 2010	Nuuk, Sermersooq
October	Template:Convert	5 October 2016	Tasillaq, Sermersooq
November	Template:Convert	21 November 2015	Tasillaq, Sermersooq
December	Template:Convert	21 December 2001	Narsarsuaq, Kujalleq

Lowest temperatures

Month	Temperature	Date	Location
January	Template:Convert	9 January 1954	North Ice, Northeast Greenland
February	Template:Convert	21 February 2002	Summit Camp Station, Northeast Greenland
March	Template:Convert	20 March 1931	Eismitte, Northeast Greenland
April	Template:Convert	21 April 2011	Summit Camp Station, Northeast Greenland
May	Template:Convert	9 May 2018	Summit Camp Station, Northeast Greenland
June	Template:Convert	1 June 2011	Summit Camp Station, Northeast Greenland
July	Template:Convert	4 July 2017	Summit Camp Station, Northeast Greenland
August	Template:Convert	29 August 2004	Summit Camp Station, Northeast Greenland
September	Template:Convert	24 September 2009	Summit Camp Station, Northeast Greenland
October	Template:Convert	26 October 2018	Summit Camp Station, Northeast Greenland
November	Template:Convert	26 November 2001	Summit Camp Station, Northeast Greenland
December	Template:Convert	22 December 1991	Klinck Station, Northeast Greenland

Topography

Template:See alsoThe ice sheet covering Greenland varies significantly in elevation across the landmass, rising dramatically between the coastline at sea level and the East-Central interior, where elevations reach Template:Convert.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The coastlines are rocky and predominantly barren with fjords.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Numerous small islands spread from the Central to Southern coastlines.<ref name=":0" />

Greenland's mountain ranges are partially or completely buried by ice. The highest mountains are in the Watkins Range, which runs along the eastern coast. Greenland's highest mountain is Gunnbjorn Fjeld with a height of Template:Convert.<ref name=":0" />

Scientists discovered an asteroid impact crater in the northwestern region of Greenland, buried underneath the ice sheet. At a size larger than Washington, D.C., it is the first impact crater found beneath one of Earth's ice sheets.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Cbignore</ref>

Extreme points

This is a list of the extreme points of Greenland, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location.

Territory of Greenland

• Northernmost point — Kaffeklubben Island (83°40'N) – the northernmost permanent land in the world. There are also some shifting gravel bars that lie north of Kaffeklubben, the most northerly ever found being 83-42.
• Southernmost point — unnamed islet 2.3 km south of Cape Farewell, Egger Island (59°44'N)
• Westernmost point — Nordvestø, Carey Islands (73°10'W)
• Easternmost point — Nordostrundingen, Greenland (11°19'W)
• Highest point — Gunnbjørn Fjeld, Template:Convert

Mainland Greenland

• Northernmost point — Cape Morris Jesup (83°39'N)
• Southernmost point — Peninsula near Tasiusaq, Kujalleq (59°58'26.4"N)
• Westernmost point — Cape Alexander (73°08'W)
• Easternmost point — Nordostrundingen, Greenland (11°19'W)
• Highest point — Gunnbjørn Fjeld, Template:Convert.

Towns

Greenland has 17 towns – settlements with more than 500 inhabitants. Nuuk is the largest town – and the capital – with roughly one third of the country's urban population. Sisimiut with approximately 5,500 inhabitants is the second largest town, while Ilulissat is number three with around 5,000 inhabitants. Template:Div col

• Aasiaat (Egedesminde
• Ilulissat (Jacobshavn)
• Ittoqqortoormiit (Scoresbysund)
• Kangaatsiaq
• Maniitsoq (Sukkertoppen)
• Nanortalik (Bjørnsted)
• Narsaq (Sletten)
• Nuuk (Godthåb)
• Paamiut (Frederikshåb)
• Qaanaaq (Thule)
• Qaqortoq (Julianehåb)
• Qasigiannguit (Christianshåb)
• Qeqertarsuaq (Godhavn)
• Sisimiut (Holstensborg)
• Tasiilaq (Oscarshavn)
• Upernavik
• Uummannaq

History of exploration

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

Gallery

{{#invoke:Gallery|gallery}}

See also

• List of mountain peaks of Greenland
• List of mountain ranges of Greenland
• Greenland's Grand Canyon
• Climate change adaptation in Greenland

External links

• www.geus.dk Geological map of Greenland from the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS).
• "Times Atlas reviews Greenland map accuracy after climate change row" – The Guardian, 22 September 2011