Georg Groddeck

Template:Use dmy dates Georg Walther Groddeck ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}; 13 October 1866 – 10 June 1934) was a German physician and writer regarded as a pioneer of psychosomatic medicine.

Early lifeEdit

Groddeck was born in Bad Kösen, Saxony, to a Lutheran family.Template:Sfn His works before World War I wholly accepted eugenics and Völkisch movement ideology.Template:Sfn

PublicationsEdit

In 1902, Groddeck published his first book, Ein Frauenproblem, dedicated to his wife; in 1909, the book Hin zu Gottnatur was released.

In 1913, he published {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (The healthy and the sick person), where "nasamecu" stands for the Latin motto "natura sanat, medicus curat". Here, Groddeck offers his understanding of what happens to the bones, muscles, the importance of food, talk about blood circulation, the eyes, the whole human body and what happens to this body when it obeys the orders of Isso (unconscious). According to these orders, a person becomes "healthy" or "sick."Template:Citation needed

In 1921, Groddeck published his first psychoanalytic novel, Der Seelensucher. Ein psychoanalytischer Roman (The Soul-Seeker). An English translation remains unpublished.<ref>Christian Darnton (Baron von Schunck, 1905–1981) became a Groddeck disciple and translated the novel into English, but "his typescript remains repressed at The University of Essex in The Georg Groddeck Archive of Oscar Kollerstrom." Template:Cite journal</ref> After reading it and promoting its publication Freud commended Groddeck to the Berlin Psychoanalytic Association.<ref> Freud/Groddeck correspondence in Template:Cite book</ref> Alfred Polgar in his comprehensive review (Berliner Tageblatt, 20 December 1921) found "nothing comparable among German books" and felt reminded of Cervantes, Swift and Rabelais.<ref>cited in Template:Cite magazine</ref>

In 1923, he published Das Buch vom Es, an unusual work in which each chapter is in the form of a letter to a girlfriend addressed as "my dear".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Association with Sigmund Freud and psychoanalysisEdit

In his introduction to the 1949 English version<ref name="Groddeck">Georg Groddeck, The Book of the It, Vision Press (1979 ed), Template:ISBN</ref> of Groddeck's Das Buch vom Es (1923),<ref>Template:Cite book The Book of the It</ref> Lawrence Durrell comments that Groddeck is often mistaken for an orthodox disciple of Sigmund Freud. He goes on to say "Groddeck was the only analyst whose views had some effect on Freud", and "while he accepts and employs much of the heavy equipment of the master, he is separated forever from Freud by an entirely different conception of the constitution and functioning of the human psyche."<ref>Durrell's introduction originally appeared as an essay, Number VI in the series "Studies in Genius," Horizon magazine (London), Vol. XVII No. 102, edited by Cyril Connolly, June 1948.</ref>

Freud mentions Groddeck in The Ego and the Id,<ref name="Sigmund Freud">Template:Cite book English translation, Template:Cite book Revised for Template:Cite book</ref> crediting him with giving a name to what Freud had already given a local habitation, to wit, the Id.

Now I think we shall gain a great deal by following the suggestion of a writer who, from personal motives, vainly asserts that he has nothing to do with the rigours of pure science. I am speaking of Georg Groddeck, who is never tired of insisting that what we call our ego behaves essentially passively in life, and that, as he expresses it, we are "lived" by unknown and uncontrollable forces. We have all had impressions of the same kind, even though they may not have overwhelmed us to the exclusion of all others, and we need feel no hesitation in finding a place for Groddeck's discovery in the structure of science. I propose to take it into account by calling the entity which starts out from the system Pcpt. and begins by being Pcs. the "ego", and by following Groddeck in calling the other part of the mind, into which this entity extends and which behaves as though it were Ucs., the "id". (Freud 1927/1961, 13).

Groddeck eventually had acrimonious disagreement with Freud about the definition and limitations of the It/Id/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.Template:Sfn Template:Efn Groddeck regarded the ego as an extension or a mask for the id, whereas Freud regarded them as separate constructs.Template:Sfn

In contrast to Freud, Groddeck was primarily engaged with the treatment of chronically ill patients. Groddeck is considered by many as a founder of psychosomatic medicine – his reservations against strict science and orthodox medicine made him an outsider among psychoanalysts till today.<ref name="Rudnytsky"/>

Groddeck was a controversial but important figure within the psychoanalytic movement. He attended the congress of the German Psychoanalytic Association in 1930. He was invited to lecture to the British Psychoanalytic Society in 1928, and invited by Felix Boehm to lecture at the Berlin Institute in 1930. Eitingon disliked Groddeck until being treated by him in 1928, after which he regarded him warmly.Template:Sfn

ViewsEdit

Psychosomatic integrative approachEdit

File:Baden-Baden-Hauptfriedhof-Grabmal Georg Groddeck-10-hf18-2022-gje.jpg

Grave monument in the main cemetery of Baden-Baden

Zen philosopher Alan Watts said that when people came to Groddeck for analysis, he would give them a massage, and when they came to him for a massage, he would give them analysis.<ref name="Watts" />

"He who draws the conclusion that I mentally medicate a human who has broken his leg is very true – but I adjust the fracture and dress the wound. And then – I give him a massage, make exercises with him, give a daily bath to the leg with water at 45 °C for half an hour and I take care that he does neither gorge nor booze, and every now and then I ask him: Why did you break your leg, you yourself ?"<ref name="Georg Groddeck">Georg Groddeck, The Meaning of Illness: Selected Psychoanalytic Writings, International Universities Press (June 1977), Template:ISBN</ref>

With such and other methods the German physician Georg Groddeck, who practised in Baden-Baden and was the pathfinder of psychosomatic medicine,<ref name="Rudnytsky">Peter L. Rudnytsky, Reading Psychoanalysis: Freud, Rank, Ferenczi, Groddeck, Cornell Studies in the History of Psychiatry; Cornell University Press (November 2002), Template:ISBN</ref> astonished his numerous listeners and readers. His therapy connects naturopathic treatment with psychoanalytic, suggestive and hypnotic elements. His foot and arm bath, massages and dietary cuisine are still practised today,<ref name="Gerda Boyesen">Gerda Boyesen, "Entre psyché et soma", Payot (December 1996), Template:ISBN</ref> although the bold doctrine of salvation, where he vigorously massaged his patients, is necessarily quite authoritarian, and a more reserved approach would be judged appropriate today. He said, “To provide obedience [is the] foundation of medical art".

In contrast to Freud, Groddeck interpreted all physiological symptoms as being psychological, caused by the It/Id/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, and sought to interpret them through psychoanalysis.Template:Sfn

PsychologyEdit

Groddeck believed that all feelings are ambivalent, affection is always mixed with animosityTemplate:Sfn

ReligiosityEdit

Groddeck was deeply interested in Christian mysticism.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn He regarded psychoanalysis as identical with Jesus' teachings.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Groddeck analyzed Christian symbols with psychoanalytic methods.Template:Sfn

Alan Watts described Groddeck, saying, "He was a completely wonderful man because everybody felt calmed by him. They felt an atmosphere of implicit faith in nature and especially in your own inner nature. No matter what, there is a wisdom inside you which may seem absurd, but you have to trust it."<ref name="Watts">Template:Cite speech</ref>

Later yearsEdit

Toward the end of his life, many colleagues and admirers asked Groddeck to form a society that would promote his ideas. To this request, he would laugh and reply:

Disciples like their master to stay put, whereas I should think anyone a fool who wanted me to say the same thing tomorrow as I said yesterday. If you really want to be my follower, look at life for yourself and tell the world honestly what you see.<ref name="Homer">Template:Cite book</ref>

He died in Knonau near Zürich.