George Combe
Template:Short description Template:EngvarB Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox scientist George Combe (21 October 1788 – 14 August 1858) was a Scottish lawyer and a spokesman of the phrenological movement for over 20 years. He founded the Edinburgh Phrenological Society in 1820 and wrote The Constitution of Man (1828). After marriage in 1833, Combe devoted his later years to promoting phrenology internationally.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Early lifeEdit
George Combe was born at Livingston's Yards, Edinburgh, the son of Marion (née Newton, died 1819) and George Combe, a prosperous brewer in the city.<ref>Template:Cite ODNB</ref><ref>Williamson's Directory 1788.</ref> His younger brother was the physician Andrew Combe. After attending the High School of Edinburgh, he studied law at the University of Edinburgh, entered a lawyer's office in 1804, and in 1812 began a solicitor's practice at 11 Bank Street.<ref>Edinburgh Post Office directory 1814.</ref>
In 1820 Combe moved his office to Mylnes Court on the Royal Mile and moved house to 8 Hermitage Place in Stockbridge.<ref>Edinburgh Post Office directory 1820.</ref> In 1825 he moved with Andrew to 2 Brown Square off the Grassmarket.<ref>Post Office directory 1825</ref> The Combe brothers lived together in a large dwelling at 25 Northumberland Street in the New Town from 1829.<ref>Edinburgh Post Office directory 1829.</ref>
Phrenological SocietyEdit
In 1815, the Edinburgh Review contained an article on the system of "craniology" devised by Franz Joseph Gall and Johann Gaspar Spurzheim, denouncing it as "a piece of thorough quackery from beginning to end".<ref name=":0"/> When Spurzheim came to Edinburgh in 1816, Combe was invited to a friend's house, where he watched Spurzheim dissect a human brain.<ref name=":0"/> Impressed by the demonstration, he attended a second series of Spurzheim's lectures. On investigating the subject for himself, he became satisfied that the fundamental principles of phrenology were true: "that the brain is the organ of mind; that the brain is an aggregate of several parts, each subserving a distinct mental faculty; and that the size of the cerebral organ is, caeteris paribus, an index of power or energy of function."Template:Sfn
His first essay on phrenology was published in Scots Magazine in 1817, and were followed by a series of papers Literary and Statistical Magazine. The writings were collected and published in 1819 in book form as Essays on Phrenology and, in later editions, as A System of Phrenology.<ref name=":0"/> In 1820, Combe helped to found the Phrenological Society of Edinburgh, which in 1823 established a Phrenological Journal. His lectures and writings also drew attention to phrenology in Europe and the United States.<ref name=":0"/>
Debate with HamiltonEdit
Combe began to lecture at Edinburgh in 1822. He published a Manual, Elements of Phrenology, in June 1824. He took private tuition in elocution; contemporaries described him as clever and opinionated. Combe's discussions had an air of confidentiality and theatrical urgency. Converts came in, societies sprang up and controversies began.
A second edition of Elements, 1825, was attacked by Francis Jeffrey in the Edinburgh Review of September 1825. Combe replied in a pamphlet and the journal. The phrenologists were attacked again in 1826 and 1827 by Sir William Hamilton in addresses to the Royal Society of Edinburgh. The sharp controversy included challenges to public disputes and mutual charges of misrepresentation, in which Spurzheim took part. The correspondence appeared in the fourth and fifth volumes of the Phrenological Journal.Template:Sfn
Social interests: schools, prisons and asylumsEdit
In 1836, Combe stood for the chair of Logic at the University of Edinburgh against two other candidates: Sir William Hamilton and Isaac Taylor.<ref>Template:Cite DNB</ref> Hamilton won by 18 votes against 14 for Taylor.Template:Sfn In 1838 Combe visited the United States to study the treatment of criminals there. He initiated a programme of public education in chemistry, physiology, history and moral philosophy.Template:Sfn
Combe sought to improve public education through a national, non-sectarian system.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He helped to set up a school in Edinburgh run on the principles of William Ellis, and did some teaching there in phrenology and physiology.Template:Sfn It was prompted by the London Birkbeck School, which had opened on 17 July 1848.<ref>Template:Cite DNB</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Combe was strongly behind the view that the state should be involved in the education system. In this he was backed by William Jolly, an inspector of schools, and noted by Frank Pierrepont Graves.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Combe was much concerned about prison reform. He and William A. F. Browne opened a debate on introducing humane treatment of psychiatric patients in publicly funded asylums.
Later lifeEdit
John Ramsay L'Amy, son of James L'Amy, trained under Combe at his offices at 25 Northumberland Street in Edinburgh's New Town.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Edinburgh and Leith Post Office Directory 1832–1833.</ref>
In 1842, Combe gave a course of 22 lectures on phrenology at the Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg and travelled about Europe enquiring into management of schools, prisons and asylums.Template:Sfn
On retiring, Combe took a substantial terraced townhouse, 45 Melville Street, in Edinburgh's West End.<ref>Edinburgh and Leith Post Office Directory 1857–1858.</ref> He was revising the 9th edition of the Constitution of Man when he died at Moor Park, Farnham in August 1858. He lies under a simple headstone in the Dean Cemetery, Edinburgh, against the north wall of the original section. His wife Cecilia Siddons is buried with him.
WorksEdit
In 1817, Combe's first essay on phrenology in The Scots Magazine was followed by a series of papers on the subject in the Literary and Statistical Magazine. These appeared in book form in 1819 as Essays on Phrenology, entitled A System of Phrenology in later editions.Template:Sfn
Combe's most popular work, The Constitution of Man, appeared in 1828 but was widely denounced as materialist and atheist.Template:Sfn He argued in it: "Mental qualities are determined by the size, form and constitution of the brain; and these are transmitted by hereditary descent."
Combe was one of an active Edinburgh scene of people thinking about the nature of heredity and its possible malleability, as Lamarck proposed. Combe himself was no Lamarckian, but in the decades before Darwin's Origin of Species was published, the Constitution was probably the single most important vehicle for disseminating naturalistic progressivism in the English-speaking world.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Combe's 1838 Answers to the Objections Urged Against Phrenology was followed in 1840 by Moral Philosophy and in 1841 by Notes on the United States of North America. Phrenology Applied to Painting and Sculpture ensued in 1855. The culmination of Combe's autobiographical philosophy appeared in "On the Relation between Science and Religion", first publicly issued in 1857. Combe moved into the economic arena with a pamphlet on The Currency Question (1858). A fuller phrenological approach to political economy was set out later by William Ballantyne Hodgson.
FamilyEdit
Template:Multiple image In 1833, Combe married Cecilia Siddons, daughter of the actress Sarah Siddons and sister of Henry Siddons, author of Practical Illustrations of Rhetorical Gesture and Action (1807). She brought him a fortune and a happy, though childless marriage, preceded by a phrenological check for compatibility. A few years later, he retired from the law in comfortable circumstances.Template:Sfn
BibliographyEdit
- George Combe (1828), The Constitution of Man Considered in Relation to External Objects. J. Anderson jun. (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009; Template:ISBN)
- George Combe (1830), A System of Phrenology Edinburgh: J Anderson. Full Text Available at archive.org
- George Combe (1857), On the Relation Between Science and Religion. Maclachlan and Stewart (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009; Template:ISBN)
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NotesEdit
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