Geothermal power in Iceland

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Geothermal borehole outside the Reykjanes Power Station

Geothermal power in Iceland refers to the use of geothermal energy in Iceland for electricity generation.

Iceland's uniquely active geology has led to natural conditions especially suitable for harnessing geothermal energy.<ref name=":72">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Icelanders have long used geothermal energy for direct applications, such as heating homes and baths.<ref name=":02">Template:Citation</ref> The more recent, widespread adoption of geothermal energy as an energy source in Iceland was spawned by a need to stabilize energy prices and increase energy independence, allowing Iceland to increase reliance on geothermal energy for direct applications alongside electricity generation and contributing significantly to diminishing Iceland's carbon footprint.<ref name=":22">Template:Cite journal</ref>

The growth of geothermal power in Iceland is due to its continued support from the Icelandic government.<ref name=":142">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As of 2020, Iceland’s installed geothermal power production capacity is 799 megawatts (MW).<ref name=":92">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Geothermal energy produces over a quarter of Iceland's total electricity.<ref name=":142" />

GeologyEdit

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File:Outline of Iceland Deformation Zones.svg

Above are the tectonic plate rifts of Iceland. NVZ, the largest of all of them, runs from Akureyri to Reykjavík. There are many volcanoes along this rift, including Krafla, Fremri-Námar, Askja, Tungnafellsjökull, Hekla, Vatnafjöll, Katla, Torfajökull, and Eyjafjallajökull.

Iceland's territory is some of the most geologically active on Earth.<ref name=":12">Template:Cite journal</ref> The country straddles the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (a rift between continental plates), and lies over a volcanic hotspot.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":102">Template:Cite journal</ref> This combination of factors has led to pronounced volcanism and geothermal activity.<ref name=":102" /> Furthermore, the island also possesses underground water reservoirs continually replenished by rain.<ref name=":72" /> Magma underneath the island heats these reservoirs to hundreds of degrees Fahrenheit.<ref name=":72" /> At least 25 such geothermal aquifers lie within the volcanic zone.<ref name=":102" /> These natural conditions in Iceland are favorable for geothermal power production.<ref name=":72" />

HistoryEdit

Geothermal energy in IcelandEdit

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A geothermally heated swimming pool complex in Iceland

Geothermal energy has been employed by Icelanders since the Viking Age, with initial uses including washing and bathing.<ref name=":02" /> Later, it began to be used to heat homes, greenhouses, and swimming pools, as well as to keep streets and sidewalks free of snow and ice.<ref name=":02" /> Today, at least 90% of all homes in Iceland are heated with geothermal energy.<ref name=":02" />

The Blue Lagoon is a prominent example of a geothermal bath.<ref name=":02" /> With a mix of seawater and discharge freshwater from the nearby Svartsengi Power Station, the Blue Lagoon is 5,000 square meters in size and is Iceland's most popular tourist attraction.<ref name=":02" />

While geothermal energy has had many uses in Iceland throughout history, its use there for electricity generation did not come until relatively recently.<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Iceland's power was largely derived from fossil fuels until the 1970s, when the national government looked to address energy price inequities across the country.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":1" /> A report commissioned in 1970 by the country's National Energy Authority, Orkustofnun, recommended increased domestic production of geothermal power and hydroelectricity to stabilize energy prices and reduce the nation's reliance on external energy resources.<ref name=":22" /> In 1973, an international energy crisis began, subjecting Iceland to highly volatile oil prices and an uncertain energy market.<ref name=":1" /> The crisis sparked Iceland's government to ramp up adoption of the domestic power sources identified by the National Energy Authority's report.<ref name=":22" /> The ensuing rapid growth of renewable energy production mostly originated from a geopolitical desire for energy independence and was catalyzed by the urgent economic constraints during the 1970s energy crisis.<ref name=":22" /> Since then, in addition to increasing Iceland's energy independence, it has also resulted in the widespread decarbonization of the country's electric grid.<ref name=":22" />

Government policyEdit

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File:Pipeline from Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Plant to Reykjavik - panoramio.jpg

A pipeline from the Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Plant to Reykjavik

Iceland's government policies strongly encourage the usage of renewable energy resources in power production. These policies stem from energy issues that the country had faced in years past; in the 1970s, for example, Iceland's government responded to increasing oil prices by replacing oil with geothermal energy in district heating.<ref name=":102" /> As a result, the cost of heating was decreased significantly, and compared to most other countries, was much lower.

As progress continued on geothermal energy projects and investments, the National Energy Authority laid out their master plan to implement the use of geothermal energy in two phases.<ref name=":16">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The first phase was conducted during 1999–2003, which primarily focused on data gathering.<ref name=":16" /> The second phase was conducted during 2004–2009, where the first half of those years was spent on further research and the second half spent on evaluating geothermal fields.<ref name=":16" /> A total of 24 potential geothermal projects were considered under the master plan.<ref name=":16" /> Today, many of these projects are still under consideration by the Icelandic Parliament.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The government still faces issues with providing all households with accessibility to geothermal power, as there remain villages and rural areas that lack geothermal heating infrastructure.<ref name=":102" /> To combat this issue, Iceland's government is continuously engaging in exploration activities for the villages and rural areas to explore possible locations for geothermal energy infrastructure. In 2019, the construction of a 20-km hot water transmission pipeline from a geothermal field to the town of Höfn was constructed to replace electricity as their source of heating for 1,800 people.<ref name=":102" />

Iceland's government has also put effort into foreign policies and investments that encourage other nations to harness renewable energy such as geothermal power. One of Iceland's foreign efforts is the African Rift Geothermal Development Facility Project, which began in 2010, and is performed in partnership with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in countries such as Ethiopia, Kenya and Rwanda.<ref name=":11">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Iceland has also helped train geothermal engineers from around the world through the United Nations University Geothermal Training Programme.<ref name=":11" />

ConsumptionEdit

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An example of geothermal snow-melting infrastructure under a street in Reykjavik

As Iceland is situated in a highly geothermal location, 70.38% of total energy used in the country comes from geothermal sources as of 2020.<ref name=":82">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This means Template:Convert of the total Template:Convert of primary energy used by Iceland in 2020 is from a geothermal source.<ref name=":82" /> The geothermal energy is then used in two main ways: direct application and indirectly via electricity generation.<ref name=":62">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Direct applicationsEdit

Most geothermal energy in Iceland is used for heating activities.<ref name=":62" /> As of 2020, the primary use of geothermal heat is space heating Template:Convert), followed by heated swimming pools Template:Convert), snow melting Template:Convert, fish farming Template:Convert, greenhouses Template:Convert, and industry usage Template:Convert.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As these uses are reliant solely on geothermal heat, they do not result in the energy losses that come with generating electricity. Instead, many of these direct applications use water as the means of transmission. In Iceland's capital Reykjavík, hot water from 100° to 300°C is used to heat homes, then piped into plastic tubing underneath streets and sidewalks at Template:Cvt to melt snow and ice.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

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Iceland electricity production by source

Electricity generationEdit

Iceland has recently been self-sufficient in producing electricity, consistently meeting or exceeding electricity demand in the country mainly through geothermal and hydropower generation.<ref name=":1" /> In 2020, 99.94% of electricity in Iceland was produced by hydro and geothermal means, with 13,157 and 5,961 gigawatt hours (GWh) produced respectively.<ref name=":92" /> Geothermal energy accounts for over a quarter of Iceland's electric power production.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

However, after the droughts in the summer season of 2021, low reservoir levels for hydropower generation along with increasing electricity demand in the nation led to an electricity supply crunch.<ref name=":32">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> To suppress electricity demand, the Icelandic government had to cut back electricity from certain industries.<ref name=":32" /> This supply crunch caused by fluctuations in hydropower generation has Iceland considering the expansion of power generation infrastructure.<ref name=":32" />

Electricity production infrastructureEdit

According to the National Energy Authority of Iceland, in 2020, Iceland's geothermal facilities had in total an installed capacity of 799 MW_e, making up 25.9% of all power capacity in Iceland, besides hydropower, wind, and fossil fuels.<ref name=":92" />

File:Krafla power plant - Kröflustöð - alternative.jpg

Krafla geothermal power plant

According to Askja Energy Partners, an energy consulting firm in Iceland, the three entities that own and operate the largest geothermal power stations in Iceland are HS Orka, ON Power, and Landsvirkjun (National Power Company of Iceland).<ref name=":15">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The following are nine power plants that contribute the most to Iceland's geothermal power production capacity; the ownership of each geothermal power plant is also noted:

Icelandic geothermal power plants as of 2020
Name	Capacity (MW_e)<ref name=":92" />	Ownership<ref name=":15" />
Hellisheiði	303.4	ON Power
Nesjavellir	120	ON Power
Reykjanes	100	HS Orka
Þeistareykir	90	Landsvirkjun
Svartsengi	76.4	HS Orka
Krafla	60	Landsvirkjun
Bjarnarflag	5	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Húsavík	2	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Flúðir	0.6	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In Reykjavík, hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) emitted from two nearby geothermal power plants, Hellisheiði and Nesjavellir, may have impacted residents' health.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":13">Template:Cite journal</ref> Research conducted by the University of Iceland in 2012 found that weather events favorable for H₂S concentrations in Reykjavík greater than the national 24-hour health limit of 50 μg m⁻³ can be expected to occur twice a year on average.<ref name=":13" />

Iceland is also investing in geothermal energy research projects like the Iceland Deep Drilling Project (IDDP).<ref name=":5">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web

}}</ref> If successful, the technology being developed by IDDP could produce ten times more power than current geothermal power technology.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4">Template:Cite magazine</ref> By drilling more than 15,000 feet (4.5 km) deep into the volcanic fields in Iceland's Reykjanes Peninsula, researchers are hoping to investigate the use of supercritical fluids for harnessing geothermal energy.<ref name=":4" /> If achieved, projects like IDDP will allow a greater portion of Iceland's electricity to be generated by geothermal means.<ref name=":4" />

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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