Honey locust

The honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos), also known as the thorny locust or thorny honeylocust, is a deciduous tree in the family Fabaceae, native to central North America where it is mostly found in the moist soil of river valleys.<ref name="cabi">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Honey locust trees are highly adaptable to different environments, and the species has been introduced worldwide. Outside its natural range it can be an aggressive, damaging invasive species.<ref name=cabi/>

Description

The honey locust, Gleditsia triacanthos, can reach a height of Template:Cvt.<ref name="USDA Plant Guide" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> They exhibit fast growth, but live a medium life span, as long as 125 years.<ref name="USDA Plant Guide">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The leaves are pinnately compound on older trees but bipinnately compound on vigorous young trees.<ref name=cabi/> The leaflets are Template:Cvt long when compound and very slightly smaller when bipinnate.<ref name="4Corners">Template:Cite book</ref> The leaves are green in summer and turn yellow in autumn in shades ranging from cream and tan to golden yellow.<ref name="NCExtension">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Honey locusts leaf out relatively late in spring, but generally slightly earlier than the black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The strongly scented flowers appear in late spring.<ref name="St.Trees NYC">Template:Cite book</ref> Each cluster is a raceme 3–7 centimeters long with many tiny greenish-yellow to greenish-white flowers.<ref name="4Corners" /><ref name="MBG">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The trees are polygamous-dioecious: many trees have only pollen producing flowers or seed producing flowers (strictly dioecious), but some will have both types of flowers in separate clusters, though usually one type will predominate.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The fruit of the honey locust is a flat pod (a legume) that matures in early autumn and is often twisted or curved.<ref name=cabi/> The average size of the pods is Template:Cvt long and Template:Cvt wide.<ref name="4Corners" /> Once ripe the pod will contain as many as twenty dark brown oval seeds, each about Template:Cvt long. Surrounding the seeds is a soft, gooey pulp with a slightly sweet flavor.<ref name="Tree Key">Template:Cite book</ref> Pods may be produced from mid-September through mid-October in its native habitat.<ref name="White-tailed Deer">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Honey locusts commonly have thorns Template:Cvt long growing out of the branches and trunk,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> some reaching lengths of Template:Cvt;<ref name="USDA Plant Guide" /> these may be single, or branched into several points, and commonly form dense clusters.<ref name=cabi/> The thorns are modified branches and occasionally sprout leaves.<ref name="St.Trees NYC" /> Thornless forms are occasionally found growing wild and are commonly available as nursery plants.<ref name=cabi/>

• HoneyLocustThorn.JPG

  Detail of thorns

• Honey Locust Tree Thorns in Kansas.jpg

  Honey locust tree thorns in Kansas

• Gleditsia triacanthos Flower HW1.jpg

  Detail of flowers

• 2014-10-11 12 49 16 Honey Locust foliage during autumn in Elko, Nevada.JPG

  Autumn leaf color

• Honeylocust fruits.jpg

  Mature honeylocust fruits

• Old growth honeylocust tree.jpg

  Old growth honeylocust tree in Tennessee, US, 1941

Taxonomy

Honey locust was given its scientific name of Gleditsia triacanthos by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 in his book Species Plantarum. Its taxonomic history is quite complex with a total of Template:Table row counter names that are taxonomic synonyms as of 2024 including five botanical forms, fourteen varieties, and twenty-two species.<ref name="POWO" /> Included in its synonyms by Plants of the World Online,<ref name="POWO" /> World Flora Online,<ref>Template:Cite WFO</ref> and the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS database is the subordinate taxon Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis.<ref name="USDA">Template:Cite usda plants</ref> However, this scientific name is still found in gardening websites and books to distinguish thornless trees.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Table of Synonyms<ref name="POWO" />

Name	Year	Rank	Notes
Acacia villaregalis Template:Small	1987	species	= het.
Caesalpiniodes heterophyllum Template:Small	1891	species	= het.
Caesalpiniodes triacanthum Template:Small	1891	species	≡ hom.
Gleditsia brachycarpos Template:Small	1813	species	= het.
Gleditsia bujotii Template:Small	1846	species	= het.
Gleditsia bujotii Template:Small	1857	species	= het. nom. nud.
Gleditsia bujotii var. pendula Template:Small	1900	variety	= het. pro syn.
Gleditsia elegans Template:Small	1796	species	≡ hom., nom. superfl.
Gleditsia excelsa-pendula Template:Small	1887	species	= het.
Gleditsia ferox Template:Small	1809	species	= het.
Gleditsia ferox var. nana Template:Small	1900	variety	= het.
Gleditsia flava Template:Small	1869	species	= het.
Gleditsia heterophylla Template:Small	1817	species	= het.
Gleditsia horrida Template:Small	1796	species	= het.
Gleditsia inermis var. elegantissima Template:Small	1905	variety	= het.
Gleditsia laevis Template:Small	1830	species	= het.
Gleditsia latisiliqua Template:Small	1830	species	= het.
Gleditsia meliloba Template:Small	1788	species	= het.
Gleditsia micracantha Template:Small	1887	species	= het.
Gleditsia mimosifolia Template:Small	1859	species	= het. nom. subnud.
Gleditsia mimosifolia var. pendula Template:Small	1859	variety	= het.; not validly publ.
Gleditsia polysperma Template:Small	1812	species	= het.
Gleditsia sinensis var. nana Template:Small	1838	variety	= het.
Gleditsia spinosa Template:Small	1785	species	= het.
Gleditsia triacanthos f. brachycarpos Template:Small	1907	form	= het.
Gleditsia triacanthos f. elegantissima Template:Small	1949	form	= het.
Gleditsia triacanthos f. inermis Template:Small	1903	form	= het.
Gleditsia triacanthos f. nana Template:Small	1949	form	= het.
Gleditsia triacanthos f. pendula Template:Small	1949	form	= het.
Gleditsia triacanthos Template:Small	1907	species	= het.
Gleditsia triacanthos var. brachycarpos Template:Small	1803	variety	= het.
Gleditsia triacanthos var. bujotii Template:Small	1900	variety	= het.
Gleditsia triacanthos var. ferox Template:Small	1907	variety	= het.
Gleditsia triacanthos var. horrida Template:Small	1789	variety	= het.
Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis Template:Small	1790	variety	= het.
Gleditsia triacanthos var. laevis Template:Small	1853	variety	= het.
Gleditsia triacanthos var. macrocarpos Template:Small	1803	variety	= het.
Gleditsia triacanthos var. nana Template:Small	1912	variety	= het.
Gleditsia triacanthos var. polysperma Template:Small	1789	variety	= het.
Melilobus heterophyla Template:Small	1838	species	= het.
Vachellia villaregalis Template:Small	2006	species	= het.
Notes: ≡ homotypic synonym ; = heterotypic synonym

Hybridization of honey locust with water locust (Gleditsia aquatica) has been reported.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="FEIS">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Names

The genus Gleditsia is named in honor of Johann Gottlieb Gleditsch, the director of what has become the Berlin Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum. The species name is derived from Greek and means "three thorns".<ref name="MBG" /> The common name most often used for the species is "honey locust".<ref name="Dic. Plant Names">Template:Cite book</ref> This name comes from the slightly sweet pulp that surrounds the seeds in the tree's pods and their resemblance to the pods of the carob or "locust tree" from the Middle East.<ref name="Tree Key" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Honey locust is also used for the genus as a whole or for other species in it. The first recorded use of the name was in 1709 by John Lawson in his account A New Voyage to Carolina.<ref>Template:Cite OED</ref> In the late 1800s honey locust was sometimes used as an alternate name in localized areas for other species such as for mesquit (Prosopis juliflora) in Texas and New Mexico, for black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) in Minnesota, and for clammy locust (Robinia viscosa) in New York and New Jersey.<ref name="Nomenclature">Template:Cite book</ref> Variants on this name include "common honey locust",<ref name="Dic. Plant Names" /> "honeylocust",<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and "thornless honey locust".<ref name="Dic. Plant Names" />

Though honey locust is the most commonly used name for the species in English, it has a variety of other names.<ref name="Dic. Plant Names" /> Some of these many names include "honey shucks locust", "sweet bean tree", "sweet locust", "thorny locust",<ref name="NCExtension" /> and "green locust tree".<ref name="Lang.Flowers">Template:Cite book</ref> In South Africa it is called "driedoringboom", driedoring-gleditsia", soetpeulboom", "springkaanboom", or "leoka".<ref name="Dic. Plant Names" />

In the late 1800s it was known by additional local names including "black locust" (MS, TX, AR, KS, NB), "three-thorned acacia" (MA, RI, LA, TX, MI, NB, ON), "thorntree" (NY, IN, LA), "thorny acacia" (TN), and "piquant amourette" (LA).<ref name="Nomenclature" />

Range and habitat

The native range of the honey locust is widely agreed to be from northern Mexico through the Gulf Coast of the United States, northwards into the Midwest, parts of the US East Coast, and the southernmost parts of Canada.<ref name="POWO" /><ref name="NatureServe" /><ref name="WorldPlants">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In Canada it is a rare forest species found in southern Ontario near Lake Huron, Ontario, or Erie.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, Plants of the World Online (POWO) lists it as introduced to Ontario while NatureServe and World Plants list it as native.<ref name="POWO" /><ref name="NatureServe" /><ref name="WorldPlants" /> It is listed as native to Nova Scotia by World Plants,<ref name="WorldPlants" /> but as introduced by POWO and not recorded by NatureServe.<ref name="POWO" /><ref name="NatureServe" /> It is also recorded by NatureServe as growing as an introduced plant on Prince Edward Island.<ref name="NatureServe" />

In the midwest it grows in very widely in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Missouri and is much rarer and scattered in Wisconsin and Minnesota, North Dakota.<ref name="USDA" /> In Kansas it grows naturally in the eastern half of the state, and at the eastern and northern edge of Nebraska along the Missouri River, a small area of South Dakota, and the southern portion of Michigan.<ref name="USGS map">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In the eastern United States honey locust trees are regarded as native to Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and New York.<ref name="POWO" /> Though the botanist Elbert Luther Little showed the range as extending naturally into Pennsylvania,<ref name="USGS map" /> NatureServe list it as introduced to that state.<ref name="NatureServe" /> They likewise list it as introduced to Maine, Vermont, and New Jersey,<ref name="NatureServe" /> while both POWO and World Plants list it as native to all of them.<ref name="POWO" /><ref name="WorldPlants" />

In the American South, only NatureServe lists it as introduced to Delaware and the District of Columbia,<ref name="NatureServe" /> while World Plants lists it as native to both.<ref name="WorldPlants" /> Plants of the World Online does not list it as growing wild in Washington, D.C.<ref name="POWO" /> It is listed as growing natively through all the rest of the south, though Elbert Luther Little's range map does not show it growing east of the Appalachian Mountains. Also, in Florida it is only shown as growing in a few isolated areas of the Florida Panhandle.<ref name="USGS map" />

To the west it grows throughout eastern Texas and Oklahoma, while becoming scattered and isolated to the west.<ref name="USGS map" /> It is listed as introduced to New Mexico by POWO, but native in Wyoming, Utah, and Nevada.<ref name="POWO" /> Contradicting this, NatureServe list it as native to New Mexico, while introduced in Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, and Nevada.<ref name="NatureServe" /> Only World Plants lists it as native to many western states including Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming.<ref name="WorldPlants" />

In Mexico it grows in four states; Coahuila, Nuevo León, Sonora, and Tamaulipas.<ref name="WorldPlants" /> Trees in Mexico are much smaller than those in the center of its range, reaching a maximum size of just Template:Cvt and less than Template:Cvt in some populations. They are also found in isolated locations growing on south facing slopes at elevations of Template:Convert.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Worldwide it has become established outside of cultivation in Europe, southern Asia, Australia, southern Africa, and in Argentina and Uruguay.<ref name="POWO" />

In its native range the honey locust grows in humid or subhumid climates.<ref name="Lafayette College">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It grows best in soils that are organically rich and moist, but well-drained. However, it is tolerant of a wide range of soil conditions.<ref name="MBG" /> It is intolerant of shade and is a minor component of forests.<ref name="FEIS" />

Ecology

The sweet pulp in honey locust seed pods is attractive as a food for many animals including cattle, deer, rabbits, squirrels, and hares.<ref name="Tree Key" /> White-tailed deer are known to disperse the seeds of honey locust by consuming the pods and passing the seeds in their dung. It is likely that deer move the seeds over one kilometer from where they are eaten, though probably not more than three kilometers and aid the tree in reaching new habitats and maintaining its wild population even in fragmented habitats.<ref name="White-tailed Deer" /> The seeds themselves are consumed by crows in the winter.<ref name="Impermeable Seeds" />

The size and number of thorns on the honey locust are thought to have evolved to protect the trees from browsing Pleistocene megafauna, including mastodons, which may also have been involved in seed dispersal.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The seeds of the honey locust are resistant to sprouting without damage to the seed coat. In controlled experiments only 5% of the seeds sprout without treatment. In comparison, seeds soaked in concentrated sulfuric acid for one and a half hours increased germination to 68% and two and a half hours increases it to 98%.<ref name ="Impermeable Seeds">Template:Cite journal</ref>

The honey locust moth (Syssphinx bicolor) feeds on honey locust and Kentucky coffee trees while a caterpillar. The first brood of the moths emerge from hibernation in the ground in the late spring. The green larvae have several horns on the backs and reach full size in about three weeks. When they reach full size they pupate in the soil. There may be two or three broods in a year.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Honey locust trees are a frequent host for the parasitic plant American mistletoe (Phoradendron leucarpum), but usually is not infected by large numbers of them and without suffering obvious damage.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Invasiveness

Honey locust is one of the most successful of the trees and shrubs in the pea family at invading new habitats worldwide.<ref name="seed invasion">Template:Cite journal</ref> The species is a major invasive environmental and economic weed in agricultural regions of Australia. The plant forms thickets and destroys the pasture required for livestock to survive. The thickets choke waterways and prevent both domestic and native animals from drinking and also harbour vermin. The spines cause damage to both people and domestic and native wildlife and puncture vehicle tires.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In Argentina the trees were introduced in the early 1800s to be used as a landscape ornamental, as a forest tree, and in windbreaks. It escaped from cultivation and has invaded native grasslands, subtropical montane forest (yungas), and woodlands of the Gran Chaco.<ref name="seed invasion" /> In much of the Midwest of the United States the honey locust is also considered a weed tree and a pest that establishes itself in farm fields.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In other regions of the world, ranchers and farmers who employ monocropping deem honey locust a nuisance weed; its fast growth allows it to out-compete grasses and other crops.

Notable trees

The oldest known tree is one growing in the Kozia Brana Cemetery in Bratislava, Slovakia. It was planted sometime between 1773 and 1793, making it approximately Template:Age years old. When last measured in 2021 it had a diameter of Template:Convert and a height of Template:Convert.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The largest recorded in the American National Register of Champion Trees is one growing in Botetourt County, Virginia. It was last reported as healthy in 2019. It has a diameter at breast height of about Template:Convert, a height of Template:Cvt, and a crown spread of Template:Cvt.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Cultivation

Due to the honey locust's tolerance of urban problems such as salt spray, compacted soils, poor aeration, constrained planting areas, and pollution, it has been widely planted in cities.<ref name="UofIll">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="UofFlorida">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In addition it will adapt to relatively dry conditions and either alkaline or acidic soils.<ref name="UofFlorida" /> Once established it is also drought tolerant, though it grows best with good moisture.<ref name="NCExtension" /> It was very widely planted as a replacement for American elm trees killed by Dutch elm disease,<ref name="Blair">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> becoming somewhat overplanted in the 1970s.<ref name="Jacobson" />

However, due to its wide planting many problems have been discovered.<ref name="UofIll" /> Like maples and oaks, honey locust is particularly vulnerable to Ganoderma root rots, a fungal infection of the roots and lower trunk of the tree.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Three insects are the main pests that attack the honey locusts in urban areas, honeylocust plant bug (Blepharidopterus chlorionis), mimosa webworm (Homadaula anisocentra), and honeylocust spider mite (Platytetranychus multidigituli).<ref name="Tree Density">Template:Cite journal</ref> Thornless cultivars are especially subsceptable to damage by the Asian mimosa webworm. Though healthy trees are able to withstand one or two years of complete defoliation, stressed trees may be killed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The number of honey locust trees within Template:Convert increases attacks by the webworms as does the amount of impermeable hardscape surfaces out to Template:Cvt from a tree.<ref name="Tree Density" />

Cultivars

Almost all varieties cultivated after 1950 do not have thorns.<ref name="Jacobson" />

'Beatrice'

A cultivar that has been nearly or wholly unavailable in the plant trade since the 1980s.<ref name="Jacobson">Template:Cite book</ref> It was sourced from a then 50-year-old tree in Beatrice, Nebraska by the Inter-State Nursery of Hamburg, Iowa in 1955.<ref name="Checklist">Template:Cite journal</ref> This cultivar is shaped similarly to an American elm with a wide, spreading top and is also thornless and nearly pod free.<ref name="Jacobson" />

'Continental'

The 'Continental' cultivar has especially large leaves of a darker blue-green shade during the summer.<ref name="Jacobson" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is a large and vigorous selection with a narrow crown that is thornless and nearly seedless. It was introduced to plant commerce by Princeton Nursery of New Jersey in 1973 and patented in 1958.<ref name="Checklist" />

'Elegantissima'

Also known as 'Compacta', Gleditsia sinensis 'Inermis', Gleditsia aquatica 'Elegantissima', 'Globe Honey Locust' and 'Bushy Honey Locust', this cultivar had become very rare by 1996.<ref name="Jacobson" /> It is a bushy tree with smaller leaflets with slow growth, only reaching about Template:Convert when 25 years old.<ref name="Checklist" /> It has a narrow vase shaped crown and is thornless. It is propagated on its own roots, from ground budding, and also top grafted. It was raised by the nurseryman Charles Breton of Orléans in France around 1880. It has, in some cases, reached large sizes of Template:Cvt or Template:Cvt.<ref name="Jacobson" />

'Emerald Kascade'

This cultivar has a weeping form, with branches that cascade downward. Because it does not produce a leader it must be grafted onto a standard, an upright section of trunk, or be staked.<ref name="EmeraldK" /> It is reported to be both thornless and fruitless. The leaves are dark green in the summer and bright yellow in the autumn.<ref name="Firefly" /> It was introduced to the horticultural trade by the Duncan & Davies nursery in New Zealand in 1992. It is hardy to USDA zone 3.<ref name="EmeraldK">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is alternatively spelled 'Emerald Cascade' by some sources.<ref name="Firefly">Template:Cite book</ref>

'Imperial'

It is a popular cultivar that grows to only about Template:Convert in height.<ref name="Jacobson" /> It is of very regular growth habit with branches that emerge at right angles to the trunk and a symmetrical arrangement around it. It is noted for its rounded crown.<ref name="Growth Habits" /> Due to the lower emergence of main branches it requires significant amounts of pruning to be used as a street tree where clearance above vehicles is required.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is used where a somewhat smaller shade tree is required.<ref name="Growth Habits" />

'Shademaster'

This is a very popular cultivar of the honey locust.<ref name="Jacobson" /> Trees have a straight trunk and branches that grow outward and then curve upward to create a symmetrical crown.<ref name="Checklist" /> Very often, without trimming, they will have three or four leaders. At 15 years of age the top of the tree is relatively flat, creating a vase like shape. Compared with 'Skyline' it has a finer branch structure and wider angles where branches attach to the trunk.<ref name="Growth Habits">Template:Cite journal</ref> Sources disagree on the maximum height obtained by this cultivar, Purdue lists it as Template:Cvt while the University of Florida lists it as Template:Cvt.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="UofFlorida" /> Trees will produces a few pods when mature and are thornless with dark green foliage in summer.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

'Skyline'

This is a very common cultivar that has a more pyramidal or slightly squared shape to its canopy.<ref name="Jacobson" /><ref name="Growth Habits" /> Full grown trees may reach a height of Template:Convert or more.<ref name="UF Skyline" /> Of five standard cultivars including 'Imperial, 'Moraine', 'Shademaster', and 'Sunburst' it showed the greatest height after 15 years of growth.<ref name="Growth Habits" /> Trees tend to have one or two larger leaders and evenly spaced branches with somewhat narrower crotch angles.<ref name="Growth Habits" /> Trees can be trimmed to develop one strong central leader with little pruning, because of this lower branches can be removed without distoring the even shape of the crown. This habits make it appropriate as a street tree where lower branches must be removed.<ref name="UF Skyline">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The leaflets have a redish to bronze tone when emerging and a dark green and leathery appearance for most of the season. It was introduced by the Cole Nursery in Painesville, Ohio in 1957.<ref name="Jacobson" />

Uses

Food

File:Unripe honey locust pods.jpg

Unripe honey locust pods

The pulp on the inside of the pods is edible<ref name=Audubon/> (unlike the black locust, which is toxic)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and consumed by wildlife and livestock.<ref name=Audubon>Template:Cite book</ref>

Despite its name, the honey locust is not a significant honey plant.<ref name=cabi/> The name derives from the sweet taste of the legume pulp, which was used for food and traditional medicine by Native American people, and can also be used to make tea.<ref name=cabi/> The long pods, which eventually dry and ripen to brown or maroon, are surrounded in a tough, leathery skin that adheres strongly to the pulp within. The pulp—bright green in unripe pods—is strongly sweet, crisp and succulent in ripe pods. Dark brown tannin-rich beans are found in slots within the pulp. Likewise, its edible seed has nutritional potential, and the flour made from its cotyledons constitutes a food source with various potential uses for pastry and bakery, among other gastronomic uses.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Timber

File:Gleditsia triacanthos MHNT.BOT.2006.0.1274.JPG

Gleditsia triacanthos

Honey locusts produce a high quality, durable wood that polishes well, but the tree does not grow in sufficient numbers to support a bulk industry. However, a niche market exists for honey locust furniture. It is also used for posts and rails because of the dense, rot-resistant nature of the wood. The heartwood of honey locust is reddish brown while the sapwood is pale yellow. It is strong, but has a coarse grain texture.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Nitrogen fixation

The ability of Gleditsia to fix nitrogen is disputed. Many scientific sources<ref>Template:Cite conference</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> state that Gleditsia does not fix nitrogen. Some support this statement with the fact that Gleditsia does not form root nodules with symbiotic bacteria, the assumption being that without nodulation, no nitrogen fixation can occur. In contrast, many popular sources, permaculture publications in particular, claim that Gleditsia does fix nitrogen but by some other mechanism.Template:Citation needed

There are anatomical, ecological, and taxonomic indications of nitrogen fixation in non-nodulating legumes.<ref name="Bryan">Template:Cite journal</ref> Both nodulating and non-nodulating species have been observed to grow well in nitrogen-poor soil with non-nodulating legumes even dominating some sites. The litter and seeds of non-nodulating species contain levels of nitrogen higher than non-legumes and sometimes even higher than nodulating legumes growing on the same site.<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref> How this happens is not yet well understood but there have been some observations of nitrogenase activity in non-nodulating leguminous plants, including honey locust.<ref name="Bryan"/> Electron microscopy indicates the presence of clusters around the inner cortex of roots, just outside the xylem, that resemble colonies of rhizobial bacterioids.<ref name="Bryan"/> These may well constitute the evolutionary precursors in legumes for nitrogen fixation through nodulation. It is not known whether the non-nodulating nitrogen fixation, if it exists, benefits neighboring plants as is said to be the case with nodulating legumes.

Research

In research using databases, more than 60 phytochemicals were identified from honey locust, including polyphenols, triterpenes, sterols, and saponins, with in vitro studies assessing for possible biological activity.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Further reading

• Template:Silvics
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:FEIS

External links

• Gleditsia triacanthos images at bioimages.Vanderbilt.edu
• Gleditsia triacanthos images at Forestry Images
• Gleditsia triacanthos at the USDA Plants Database