Glycerius

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Featured article Template:Infobox Roman emperor

Glycerius (died after 474) was Roman emperor of the West from 473 to 474. He served as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (commander of the palace guard) during the reign of Olybrius (Template:Reign), until Olybrius died in November 472. After a four-month interregnum, Glycerius was proclaimed as emperor in March 473 by Gundobad, the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (master of soldiers) and power behind the throne. Very few of the events of his reign are known other than that an attempted invasion of Italy by the Visigoths was repelled by local commanders, diverting them to Gaul. Glycerius also prevented an invasion by the Ostrogoths through diplomacy, including a gift of 2,000 {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.

Glycerius was not recognized by the Eastern Roman emperor Leo I (Template:Reign), who instead nominated Julius Nepos (Template:Reign) as Western Emperor and sent him with an army to invade the Western Empire. Glycerius was without allies because Gundobad had abandoned him, and therefore was forced to abdicate on 24 June 474, and was succeeded by Nepos. He was appointed Bishop of Salona, which position he held until his death. He died, possibly in 480, and a nearly contemporaneous source blames him for the assassination of Nepos, but the records for this event are muddled.

LifeEdit

BackgroundEdit

The historian Penny MacGeorge states the summary that "almost nothing is known of Glycerius".Template:Sfn Glycerius was born probably in Dalmatia.Template:Citation needed His family is unknown, and may not have been aristocratic.Template:Sfn He rose to the office of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (commander of the palace guard), and likely served as such during the reign of Western Roman Emperor Olybrius (Template:Reign).Template:Sfn Template:Sfn The Germanic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (master of soldiers) Ricimer had deposed the Western Roman Emperor Majorian (Template:Reign) in 461, and thereafter installed a series of Western Roman emperors as puppets: Libius Severus (Template:Reign), Anthemius (Template:Reign), and Olybrius, enthroned in July 472, after Ricimer overthrew Anthemius.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Ricimer died on 18 August 472, forty days after deposing Anthemius, and was succeeded as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and kingmaker by his Burgundian nephew Gundobad.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Olybrius died shortly thereafter, on 2 November 472, and an interregnum ensued for nearly four months, before Gundobad convinced Glycerius to assume the throne, and proclaimed him as emperor at Ravenna: the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, a record of consular years, states that it was on 5 March 473, however, the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, also a consular record, asserts it was on the 3rd.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

ReignEdit

Few events of Glycerius' reign are known.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Glycerius is known from a few fragmented references in what historian Ralph Mathisen calls "jejune chronicles", such as the Annales of Marcellinus Comes, the Gallic Chronicle of 511, and the Chronicle of Saragossa, as well as some small references provided by the 6th-century writer Jordanes and the bishop Ennodius.Template:Sfn Under Glycerius, invasions by both the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths were repelled, through a mixture of diplomatic and military activities.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn The Visigoths and Ostrogoths were Germanic groups that were settled in Gallia Aquitania, and Pannonia Prima and Valeria, respectively, as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn In 473, the Visigothic king Euric (Template:Reign) ordered an invasion of Italy, but his commander, Vincentius, was killed by the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (regional commanders) Alla and Sindila. After Vincentius was killed, Euric chose instead to invade Gaul, occupying both Arles and Marseille. The Ostrogothic king Videmir (Template:Reign) proposed to invade Italy,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn but Glycerius was able to dissuade Videmir through the gift of 2,000 {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (high-value gold coins),Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Efn and diverted them from Italy to Gaul, where surrounding groups, described by Jordanes as "various peoples", later attacked them.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Mathisen comments that these actions to defend the empire may be the reason that Glycerius receives a generally favorable reception in Roman and Byzantine sources. The 9th-century historian Theophanes describes him only as a "not despicable man", but Ennodius, the bishop of Pavia, describes him more thoroughly in his {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}:Template:Sfn

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Mathisten states that the aforementioned injuries to Glycerius' mother may have been in reaction to his bribery of Videmir, but remarks that "such measures were a regular part of imperial policy", and speculates that the attackers may have been soldiers, explaining their lack of punishment.Template:Sfn Glycerius seems to have primarily reigned in northern Italy, as all the coins found from his reign but one were minted in either Ravenna or Milan. The only law enacted by Glycerius which has survived was dated 11 March 473, and issued to Himilco, the Praetorian prefect of Italy, and later reissued to the Praetorian prefects of Illyricum, the East, and Gaul, regarding simony (the selling of church offices). It was adopted not just by the prefects of Italy and Gaul, who were a part of the Western Roman Empire, but also by the prefects of Illyricum and the East, despite the fact that he did not have the authority to issue laws to them. The law was designed to grant Glycerius the support of the clergy,Template:Sfn but would likely also have appealed to the senatorial class, who were concerned about increasingly violent elections, as well as the use of church funds by clergy for personal reasons.Template:Sfn This law was also the last known one issued by a Western Roman emperor.Template:Sfn

It is possible that Glycerius attempted reconciliation with the Eastern Roman Empire, evidenced by the fact that Glycerius did not nominate a consul for 474, and instead accepted the eastern consul, the infant Emperor Leo II (Template:Reign).Template:Sfn Despite this, the Eastern Roman Emperor, Leo I (Template:Reign), refused to recognize Glycerius as emperor because he was merely a puppet of Gundobad. Emperor Leo instead chose to recognize one of his own men, Julius Nepos (Template:Reign), and sent him with a fleet to invade the Western Empire.Template:Sfn The 7th-century historian John of Antioch states that Leo made the decision to remove Glycerius after hearing that he had assumed the throne of the Western Roman Empire, but Mathisen comments that Leo must have hesitated for some time, as the actual invasion was delayed by the onset of winter, and Julius Nepos was forced to wait until the beginning of spring to launch his invasion.Template:Sfn

Glycerius was without allies, as Gundobad seemingly abandoned him, leaving him with no option but to surrender. After Nepos landed at Ostia in June 474, Glycerius abdicated on 24 June 474, in Ravenna, and Nepos assumed the throne.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn The historian John Michael O'Flynn states that the "circumstances surrounding this speedy overthrow are obscure and, at first sight, puzzling", noting that while the forces of Nepos were likely small, Gundobad made no moves to counter them, but rather "disappeared entirely from the Italian scene." He speculates that, while Gundobad could have put up stiff resistance, rather than attempting to oppose the imperial legitimacy of Leo, he accepted Leo's authority to reject Glycerius as an imperial colleague and to install one of his own choosing. Additionally, Glycerius seems to never have attracted the favor of the Roman Senate or the Gallo-Roman aristocracy, which would make the decision to back him, and therefore alienate both, far less palatable for Gundobad.Template:Sfn Notably, as king of Burgundy, Gundobad (Template:Reign) enjoyed warm relations with the Eastern Roman Empire, which he served as a {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (treaty subject).Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Mathisen suggests the alternatives that Gundobad was attempting to raise further troops in Gaul, or that he left to ensure he received his inheritance after the death of his father, King Gondioc (Template:Reign).Template:Sfn

Later lifeEdit

After being deposed, Glycerius was promptly ordained as Bishop of Salona.Template:Sfn According to the 5th-century Byzantine historian Malchus, Glycerius had some part in organizing the assassination of Julius Nepos in 480, after Nepos had been forced to flee Italy and was ruling in exile in Dalmatia, although the historical records for the assassination are muddled.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Glycerius died sometime after 474, possibly in 480.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn He has sometimes been identified with a Glycerius who was Archbishop of Milan by King Odoacer (Template:Reign), but this is likely incorrect.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn The source for the promotion of Glycerius to archbishop is an obscure line written by Ennodius, in which he praises an archbishop named Glycerius, among other archbishops of Milan, however, this section seems to have been either corrupted or added later, to identify the archbishop Glycerius with the emperor Glycerius.Template:Sfn

ReferencesEdit

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Glycerius

Contents

LifeEdit

BackgroundEdit

ReignEdit

Later lifeEdit

ReferencesEdit

NotesEdit

CitationsEdit

BibliographyEdit

Further readingEdit

Primary sourcesEdit