Glyconeogenesis
Glyconeogenesis is the synthesis of glycogen without using glucose or other carbohydrates, instead using substances like proteins and fats. This includes substrates like glycerol, lactate, glutamine and alanine.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref> It's used in replenishing glycogen stores when glucose is limited,<ref name=":1">Template:Cite journal</ref> like after long periods of fasting.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite bookTemplate:Pn</ref> In the liver and kidneys, it uses the enzymes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2 and fructose-1,6-bisphophatase 1,<ref name=":0" /> and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 2 in skeletal muscle.<ref name=":1" /> One example is the conversion of lactic acid to glycogen in the liver.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Lactic acid is converted to alanine, the alanine is transferred to the liver, and once in the liver is it converted back to alanine where it is free to be transformed into glucose.<ref name=":2" />