Gospel of John

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John 18:31–33 on Papyrus 52 (recto; Template:Circa).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> P52 is displayed in the John Rylands Library in Manchester, England.

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The Gospel of JohnTemplate:Efn (Template:Langx) is the fourth of the New Testament's four canonical Gospels. It contains a highly schematic account of the ministry of Jesus, with seven "signs" culminating in the raising of Lazarus (foreshadowing the resurrection of Jesus) and seven "I am" discourses (concerned with issues of the church–synagogue debate at the time of composition)Template:Sfn culminating in Thomas's proclamation of the risen Jesus as "my Lord and my God".Template:Sfn The penultimate chapter's concluding verse set out its purpose, "that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that believing you may have life in his name."Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

John reached its final form around AD 90–110,Template:Sfn although it contains signs of origins dating back to AD 70 and possibly even earlier.Template:Sfn Like the three other gospels, it is anonymous, although it identifies an unnamed "disciple whom Jesus loved" as the source of its traditions and perhaps author.Template:Sfn<ref name="Harris John2">Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. "John" pp. 302–10</ref>Template:Sfn 20th century scholarship interpreted the gospel within the paradigm of a "Johannine community",Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn but this has been increasingly challenged in the 21st century,Template:Sfn and there is currently considerable debate over the gospel's social, religious and historical context.Template:Sfn As it is closely related in style and content to the three Johannine epistles – most scholars treat the four books, along with the Book of Revelation, as a single corpus of Johannine literature, albeit not by the same author.Template:Sfn

The majority of scholars see four sections in the Gospel of John: a prologue (1:1–18); an account of the ministry, often called the "Book of Signs" (1:19–12:50); the account of Jesus's final night with his disciples and the passion and resurrection (13:1–20:31);Template:Sfn and a conclusion (20:30–31), as well as an epilogue (Chapter 21).Template:Sfn The gospel is notable for its high Christology.Template:Sfn

AuthorshipEdit

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CompositionEdit

The Gospel of John, like all the gospels, is anonymous.Template:Sfn John 21:22<ref>Template:Bibleverse</ref> references a disciple whom Jesus loved and John 21:24–25<ref>Template:Bibleverse</ref> says: "This is the disciple who is testifying to these things and has written them, and we know that his testimony is true".Template:Sfn Early Christian tradition, first found in Irenaeus (Template:Circa AD), identified this disciple with John the Apostle, but most scholars have abandoned this hypothesis or hold it only tenuously;Template:Sfn there are multiple reasons for this conclusion, including, for example, the fact that the gospel is written in good Greek and displays sophisticated theology, and is therefore unlikely to have been the work of a simple fisherman.Template:Sfn It is also unclear whether the beloved disciple is said to be the author of the gospel<ref name="Harris John">Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. "John" pp. 302–10</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> or if the author is claiming to be someone else recording the disciple’s testimony.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Efn There is a consensus among Johannine scholars that the beloved disciple was a real historical person,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> but there is no consensus on who the beloved disciple was.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Most scholars estimate the final form of the text to be around AD 90–110.Template:Sfn The Gospel was likely composed in Ephesus, as both second century Christians and the majority of modern scholars say.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The author may have drawn on a "signs source" (a collection of miracles) for chapters 1–12, a "passion source" for the story of Jesus's arrest and crucifixion, and a "sayings source" for the discourses, but these hypotheses are much debated,Template:Sfn and recent scholarship has tended to turn against positing hypothetical sources for John.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> While a few scholars support old ideas about pre-gospel sources or develop new theories, it is widely considered that John incorporated Synoptic traditions with its own in its composition.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The author seems to have known some version of Mark and Luke, as John shares with them some vocabulary and clusters of incidents arranged in the same order,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn but key terms from those gospels are absent or nearly so, implying that if the author did know them they felt free to write independently.Template:Sfn The Hebrew scriptures were an important source,Template:Sfn with 14 direct quotations (versus 27 in Mark, 54 in Matthew, 24 in Luke), and their influence is vastly increased when allusions and echoes are included,Template:Sfn but the majority of John's direct quotations do not agree exactly with any known version of the Jewish scriptures.Template:Sfn While the author might claim to be an eyewitness in John 21, most scholars view it as a later addition, though a growing minority view it as part of the earliest text.Template:Sfn Recent arguments by Richard Bauckham and others that John preserves eyewitness testimony have not won general acceptance.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Tom Thatcher argues that while the beloved disciple did not write the current form of the gospel, this does not entail reconstructions that put the author multiple stages or generations away from the disciple. Instead, he argues that the Fourth Evangelist was a companion of the beloved disciple who was either an amanuensis or used an earlier source attributed to the disciple shortly after his death.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Setting: the Johannine community debateEdit

For much of the 20th century, scholars interpreted the Gospel of John within the paradigm of a hypothetical "Johannine community",Template:Sfn meaning that it was held to have sprung from a late-1st-century Christian community excommunicated from the Jewish synagogue (probably meaning the Jewish community)Template:Sfn on account of its belief in Jesus as the promised messiah.Template:Sfn This interpretation, which saw the community as essentially sectarian and outside the mainstream of early Christianity, has been increasingly challenged in the first decades of the 21st century,Template:Sfn and there is currently considerable debate over the gospel's social, religious and historical context.Template:Sfn

Structure and contentEdit

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File:Christ Taking Leave of the Apostles.jpg

Jesus giving the Farewell Discourse to his 11 remaining disciples, from the Maestà of Duccio, 1308–1311

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The majority of scholars see four sections in the Gospel of John: a prologue (1:1–18); an account of the ministry, often called the "Book of Signs" (1:19–12:50); the account of Jesus's final night with his disciples and the passion and resurrection, sometimes called the Book of GloryTemplate:Sfn or Book of Exaltation (13:1–20:31);Template:Sfn and a conclusion (20:30–31); to these is added an epilogue that most scholars believe was not part of the original text (Chapter 21).Template:Sfn Disagreement does exist; a growing number, including Bauckham, argue that John 21 was part of the original work.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

The prologue informs readers of the true identity of Jesus, the Word of God through whom the world was created and who took on human form;Template:Sfn he came to the Jews and the Jews rejected him, but "to all who received him (the circle of Christian believers), who believed in his name, he gave power to become children of God."Template:Sfn
Book of Signs (ministry of Jesus): Jesus calls his disciples and begins his earthly ministry.Template:Sfn He travels from place to place informing his hearers about God the Father in long discourses, offering eternal life to all who will believe, and performing miracles that prove the authenticity of his teachings, which creates tensions with the religious authorities (manifested as early as 5:17–18), who decide he must be eliminated.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn
The Book of Glory tells of Jesus's return to his heavenly father: it tells how he prepares his disciples for their lives without his physical presence and his prayer for himself and for them, followed by his betrayal, arrest, trial, crucifixion and post-resurrection appearances.Template:Sfn
The conclusion sets out the purpose of the gospel, which is "that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that believing you may have life in his name."Template:Sfn
Chapter 21, the addendum, tells of Jesus's post-resurrection appearances in Galilee, the miraculous catch of fish, the prophecy of the crucifixion of Peter, and the fate of the Beloved Disciple.Template:Sfn

The structure is highly schematic: there are seven "signs" culminating in the raising of Lazarus (foreshadowing the resurrection of Jesus), and seven "I am" sayings and discourses, culminating in Thomas's proclamation of the risen Jesus as "my Lord and my God" (the same title, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, claimed by the Emperor Domitian, an indication of the date of composition).Template:Sfn

TheologyEdit

File:P52 recto.jpg

The Rylands Papyrus is the oldest known New Testament fragment, dated to about 125–175 AD.<ref>Orsini, Pasquale, and Willy Clarisse (2012). "Early New Testament Manuscripts and Their Dates: A Critique of Theological Palaeography", in: Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses 88/4 (2012), pp. 443–474, p. 470: "...Tab. 1, 𝔓⁵², 125-175 AD, Orsini–Clarysse..."</ref>

ChristologyEdit

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Scholars agree that while the Gospel of John clearly regards Jesus as divine, it just as clearly subordinates him to the one God.Template:Sfn Joseph Ratzinger highlights the link of the Gospel with the Old Testament,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> while according to James Dunn, this Christology does not describe a subordinationist relation but rather the authority and validity of the Son's "revelation" of the Father, the continuity between the Father and the Son. Dunn sees this as intended to serve the Logos Christology,<ref name="Dunn">Template:Cite book</ref> while others (e.g., Andrew Loke) see it as connected to John's incarnation theme.<ref name="Loke">Loke, Andrew. "A Kryptic Model of the Incarnation." Ashgate Publishing, 2014, pp. 28–30</ref> But while the developed doctrine of the Trinity is not explicit in the books that constitute the New Testament, the New Testament possesses a triadic understanding of GodTemplate:Sfn and contains a number of Trinitarian formulas.Template:Sfn<ref> Template:Cite book </ref> John's "high Christology" depicts Jesus as divine and preexistent, defends him against Jewish claims that he was "making himself equal to God",<ref>Template:Bibleverse</ref>Template:Sfn and talks openly about his divine role and echoing Yahweh's "I Am that I Am" with seven "I Am" declarations of his own.Template:Sfn Template:Efn At the same time there is a stress like that in Luke on the physical continuity of Jesus's resurrected body, as Jesus tells Thomas: "Put your finger here; see my hands. Reach out your hand and put it into my side. Stop doubting and believe."Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Bibleverse</ref>

LogosEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also In the prologue, the gospel identifies Jesus as the Logos or Word. In Ancient Greek philosophy, the term Template:Transliteration meant the principle of cosmic reason.Template:Sfn In this sense, it was similar to the Hebrew concept of Wisdom, God's companion and intimate helper in creation.Template:Sfn The Hellenistic Jewish philosopher Philo merged these two themes when he described the Logos as God's creator of and mediator with the material world. According to Stephen Harris, the gospel adapted Philo's description of the Logos, applying it to Jesus, the incarnation of the Logos.Template:Sfn

Another possibility is that the title Template:Transliteration is based on the concept of the divine Word found in the Targums (Aramaic translation/interpretations recited in the synagogue after the reading of the Hebrew Scriptures). In the Targums (which all postdate the first century but which give evidence of preserving early material), the concept of the divine Word was used in a manner similar to Philo, namely, for God's interaction with the world (starting from creation) and especially with his people. Israel, for example, was saved from Egypt by action of "the Word of the Template:LORD", and both Philo and the Targums envision the Word as manifested between the cherubim and the Holy of Holies.Template:Sfn

CrossEdit

The portrayal of Jesus's death in John is unique among the gospels. It does not appear to rely on the kinds of atonement theology indicative of vicarious sacrifice<ref>Template:Bibleverse, Template:Bibleverse</ref> but rather presents Jesus's death as his glorification and return to the Father. Likewise, the Synoptic Gospels' three "passion predictions"<ref>Template:Bibleverse, Template:Bibleverse, Template:Bibleverse and pars.</ref> are replaced by three instances of Jesus explaining how he will be exalted or "lifted up".<ref>Template:Bibleverse, Template:Bibleverse, Template:Bibleverse.</ref> The verb for "lifted up" (Template:Langx, Template:Transliteration) reflects the double entendre at work in John's theology of the cross, for Jesus is both physically elevated from the earth at the crucifixion but also, at the same time, exalted and glorified.Template:Sfn

SacramentsEdit

Template:Further Scholars disagree on whether and how frequently John refers to sacraments, but current scholarly opinion is that there are very few such possible references, and that if they exist they are limited to baptism and the Eucharist.Template:Sfn In fact, there is no institution of the Eucharist in John's account of the Last Supper (it is replaced by Jesus washing the feet of his disciples), and no New Testament text that unambiguously links baptism with rebirth.Template:Sfn

IndividualismEdit

Compared to the synoptic gospels, John is markedly individualistic, in the sense that it places emphasis more on the individual's relation to Jesus than on the corporate nature of the Church.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn This is largely accomplished through the consistently singular grammatical structure of various aphoristic sayings of Jesus.Template:Sfn Template:Efn Emphasis on believers coming into a new group upon their conversion is conspicuously absent from John,Template:Sfn and there is a theme of "personal coinherence", that is, the intimate personal relationship between the believer and Jesus in which the believer "abides" in Jesus and Jesus in the believer.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Efn John's individualistic tendencies could give rise to a realized eschatology achieved on the level of the individual believer, but this realized eschatology is not to replace "orthodox", futurist eschatological expectations, but to be "only [their] correlative".Template:Sfn

John the BaptistEdit

Template:Further John's account of John the Baptist is different from that of the synoptic gospels. In this gospel, John is not called "the Baptist."Template:Sfn John the Baptist's ministry overlaps with that of Jesus; his baptism of Jesus is not explicitly mentioned, but his witness to Jesus is unambiguous.Template:Sfn The evangelist almost certainly knew the story of John's baptism of Jesus, and makes a vital theological use of it.Template:Sfn He subordinates John to Jesus, perhaps in response to members of John's sect who regarded the Jesus movement as an offshoot of theirs.Template:Sfn

In the Gospel of John, Jesus and his disciples go to Judea early in Jesus's ministry before John the Baptist was imprisoned and executed by Herod Antipas. He leads a ministry of baptism larger than John's own. The Jesus Seminar rated this account as black, containing no historically accurate information.Template:Sfn According to the biblical historians at the Jesus Seminar, John likely had a larger presence in the public mind than Jesus.Template:Sfn

GnosticismEdit

Template:Further In the first half of the 20th century, many scholars, especially Rudolph Bultmann, argued that the Gospel of John has elements in common with Gnosticism.Template:Sfn Christian Gnosticism did not fully develop until the mid-2nd century, and so 2nd-century Proto-Orthodox Christians concentrated much effort in examining and refuting it.Template:Sfn To say the Gospel of John contained elements of Gnosticism is to assume that Gnosticism had developed to a level that required the author to respond to it.Template:Sfn Bultmann, for example, argued that the opening theme of the Gospel of John, the preexisting Logos, along with John's duality of light versus darkness, were originally Gnostic themes that John adopted. Other scholars (e.g., Raymond E. Brown) have argued that the preexisting Logos theme arises from the more ancient Jewish writings in the eighth chapter of the Book of Proverbs, and was fully developed as a theme in Hellenistic Judaism by Philo Judaeus.Template:Sfn The discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls at Qumran verified the Jewish nature of these concepts.Template:Sfn April DeConick, as well as some 19th-century theologians,<ref>Adolf Bernhard Christoph Hilgenfeld, Template:Ill, and Davidson, see Pulpit Commentary on John 8:44</ref> suggested reading John 8:44 in support of a Gnostic theology and that the natural reading would be "ye are of the father of the Devil",Template:Sfn but this has been disputed.Template:Sfn

Gnostics read John but interpreted it differently from non-Gnostics.Template:Sfn Gnosticism taught that salvation came from gnosis, secret knowledge, and Gnostics saw Jesus as not a savior but a revealer of knowledge.Template:Sfn The gospel teaches that salvation can be achieved only through revealed wisdom, specifically belief in (literally belief Template:Em) Jesus.Template:Sfn John's picture of a supernatural savior who promised to return to take those who believed in him to a heavenly dwelling could be fitted into Gnostic views.Template:Sfn It has been suggested that similarities between the Gospel of John and Gnosticism may spring from common roots in Jewish Apocalyptic literature.Template:Sfn

Comparison with other writingsEdit

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A Syriac Christian rendition of St. John the Evangelist, from the Rabbula Gospels.

Synoptic gospels and Pauline literatureEdit

The Gospel of John is significantly different from the synoptic gospels in the selection of its material, its theological emphasis, its chronology, and literary style, with some of its discrepancies amounting to contradictions.Template:Sfn The following are some examples of their differences in just one area, that of the material they include in their narratives:Template:Sfn

Material unique to the synoptic gospels	Material unique to the fourth gospel
Narrative parables	Symbolic discourses
Logia and Chreia	Dialogues and monologues
Messianic Secret	Overt messianism
Sadducees, elders, lawyers	The "Ioudaios"
Lord's Supper	Washing of the Feet
Gospel of the Kingdom	Spiritual rebirth
Consistent eschatology of Olivet Discourse	Realized eschatology of Farewell Discourse
John baptizing Jesus	John witnessing Jesus
Exorcism of demons	Raising of Lazarus
Hades and Gehenna	No mention of hell
Nativity of Jesus	"Hymn to the Word" prologue
Genealogy of Jesus	"The only-begotten god"
Temptation of Jesus	Lamb of God
Sermon on the Mount	Seven "I Am" declarations
Transfiguration of Jesus	Promise of the Paraclete
Ascension of Jesus	Doubting Thomas

In the Synoptics, the ministry of Jesus takes a single year, but in John it takes three, as evidenced by references to three Passovers. Events are not all in the same order: the date of the crucifixion is different, as is the time of Jesus' anointing in Bethany and the cleansing of the Temple, which occurs in the beginning of Jesus' ministry rather than near its end.Template:Sfn

Many incidents from John, such as the wedding in Cana, the encounter of Jesus with the Samaritan woman at the well, and the raising of Lazarus, are not paralleled in the synoptics, and most scholars believe the author drew these from an independent source called the "signs gospel", the speeches of Jesus from a second "discourse" source,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn and the prologue from an early hymn.Template:Sfn The gospel makes extensive use of the Jewish scriptures:Template:Sfn John quotes from them directly, references important figures from them, and uses narratives from them as the basis for several of the discourses. The author was also familiar with non-Jewish sources: the Logos of the prologue (the Word that is with God from the beginning of creation), for example, was derived from both the Jewish concept of Lady Wisdom and from the Greek philosophers, John 6 alludes not only to the exodus but also to Greco-Roman mystery cults, and John 4 alludes to Samaritan messianic beliefs.Template:Sfn

John lacks scenes from the Synoptics such as Jesus's baptism,Template:Sfn the calling of the Twelve, exorcisms, parables, and the Transfiguration. Conversely, it includes scenes not found in the Synoptics, including Jesus turning water into wine at the wedding at Cana, the resurrection of Lazarus, Jesus washing the feet of his disciples, and multiple visits to Jerusalem.Template:Sfn

In the fourth gospel, Jesus's mother Mary is mentioned in three passages but not named.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn John does assert that Jesus was known as the "son of Joseph" in 6:42.<ref>Template:Bibleref2</ref> For John, Jesus's town of origin is irrelevant, for he comes from beyond this world, from God the Father.Template:Sfn

While John makes no direct mention of Jesus's baptism,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn he does quote John the Baptist's description of the descent of the Holy Spirit as a dove, as happens at Jesus's baptism in the Synoptics.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Major synoptic speeches of Jesus are absent, including the Sermon on the Mount and the Olivet Discourse,Template:Sfn and the exorcisms of demons are not mentioned.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn John does not list the Twelve Disciples and names at least one disciple, Nathanael, whose name is not found in the Synoptics. Thomas is given a personality beyond a mere name, described as "Doubting Thomas".Template:Sfn

Jesus is identified with the Word ("Logos"), and the Word is identified with Template:Transliteration ("god" in Greek);Template:Sfn the Synoptics make no such identification.Template:Sfn In Mark, Jesus urges his disciples to keep his divinity secret, but in John he is very open in discussing it, even calling himself "I AM", the title God gives himself in Exodus at his self-revelation to Moses. In the Synoptics, the chief theme is the Kingdom of God and the Kingdom of Heaven (the latter specifically in Matthew), while John's theme is Jesus as the source of eternal life, and the Kingdom is only mentioned twice.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn In contrast to the synoptic expectation of the Kingdom (using the term Template:Transliteration, meaning "coming"), John presents a more individualistic, realized eschatology.Template:Sfn Template:Efn

In the Synoptics, quotations of Jesus are usually in the form of short, pithy sayings; in John, longer quotations are often given. The vocabulary is also different, and filled with theological import: in John, Jesus does not work "miracles", but "signs" that unveil his divine identity.Template:Sfn Most scholars consider John not to contain any parables. Rather, it contains metaphorical stories or allegories, such as those of the Good Shepherd and the True Vine, in which each element corresponds to a specific person, group, or thing. Other scholars consider stories like the childbearing woman<ref>Template:Bibleref2</ref> or the dying grain<ref>Template:Bibleref2</ref> to be parables.Template:Efn

According to the Synoptics, Jesus's arrest was a reaction to the cleansing of the temple; according to John, it was triggered by the raising of Lazarus.Template:Sfn The Pharisees, portrayed as more uniformly legalistic and opposed to Jesus in the synoptic gospels, are portrayed as sharply divided; they frequently debate. Some, such as Nicodemus, even go so far as to be at least partially sympathetic to Jesus. This is believed to be a more accurate historical depiction of the Pharisees, who made debate one of the tenets of their belief system.Template:Sfn

In place of the communal emphasis of the Pauline literature, John stresses the personal relationship of the individual to God.Template:Sfn

Johannine literatureEdit

The Gospel of John and the three Johannine epistles exhibit strong resemblances in theology and style; the Book of Revelation has also been traditionally linked with these, but differs from the gospel and letters in style and even theology.Template:Sfn The letters were written later than the gospel, and while the gospel reflects the break between the Johannine Christians and the Jewish synagogue, in the letters the Johannine community itself is disintegrating ("They went out from us, but they were not of us; for if they had been of us, they would have continued with us; but they went out..." - 1 John 2:19).Template:Sfn This secession was over Christology, the "knowledge of Christ", or more accurately the understanding of Christ's nature, for the ones who "went out" hesitated to identify Jesus with Christ, minimising the significance of the earthly ministry and denying the salvific importance of Jesus's death on the cross.Template:Sfn The epistles argue against this view, stressing the eternal existence of the Son of God, the salvific nature of his life and death, and the other elements of the gospel's "high" Christology.Template:Sfn

Historical reliabilityEdit

Template:Further Jesus's teachings in the Synoptics greatly differ from those in John. Since the 19th century, scholars have almost unanimously accepted that the Johannine discourses are less likely to be historical than the synoptic parables, and were likely written for theological purposes.Template:Sfn Nevertheless, they generally agree that John is not without historical value. Some potential points of value include early provenance for some Johannine material, topographical references for Jerusalem and Judea, Jesus's crucifixion occurring prior to the Feast of Unleavened Bread, and his arrest in the garden occurring after the accompanying deliberation of Jewish authorities.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

Recent scholarship has argued for a more favourable reappraisal of the historical value of the Gospel of John and its importance for the reconstruction of the historical Jesus, based on recent archaeological and literary studies.Template:Sfn

RepresentationsEdit

File:The last chapter by J. Doyle Penrose (1902).jpg

Bede translating the Gospel of John on his deathbed, by James Doyle Penrose, 1902

The gospel has been depicted in live narrations and dramatized in productions, skits, plays, and Passion Plays, as well as in film. The most recent such portrayal is the 2014 film The Gospel of John, directed by David Batty and narrated by David Harewood and Brian Cox, with Selva Rasalingam as Jesus.Template:Update inline The 2003 film The Gospel of John was directed by Philip Saville and narrated by Christopher Plummer, with Henry Ian Cusick as Jesus.

Parts of the gospel have been set to music. One such setting is Steve Warner's power anthem "Come and See", written for the 20th anniversary of the Alliance for Catholic Education and including lyrical fragments taken from the Book of Signs. Additionally, some composers have made settings of the Passion as portrayed in the gospel, most notably Johann Sebastian Bach's St John Passion, although some of its verses are from Matthew.