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Grape seed oil (also called grapeseed oil or grape oil) is a vegetable oil derived from the seeds of grapes. Grape seeds are a winemaking by-product, and oil made from the seeds is commonly used as an edible oil.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="SS" />
DescriptionEdit
Grape seed oil has a moderately high smoke point of approximately Template:Convert. The oil has a light taste and a high polyunsaturated fat content, making it suitable for use in salad dressings, mayonnaise and as a base for oil infusions of garlic, rosemary, or other herbs or spices. It is widely used in baked goods, pancakes, and waffles. It is sprayed on raisins to help them retain their flavor.<ref name="SS" />
UsesEdit
Grapeseed oil may be used as a salad oil, massage oil, and in manufactured cosmetics or haircare products.Template:Cn
ResearchEdit
A study of 21 grape cultivars showed variation of oil composition, especially for linoleic acid and tocopherols.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Although grape seeds contain polyphenols, such as proanthocyanidins,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> grape seed oil contains negligible amounts of these compounds.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Grape seed oil components are under study for their potential applications in human health, but the scientific quality of clinical research as of 2016 has been inadequate to suggest any effect on lowering disease risk.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Possible contaminationEdit
Grapeseed oil has occasionally been found to contain dangerous levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons because of direct contact with combustion gases during the drying process.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
ProductionEdit
Winemaking accounts for 90% of grape cultivation, with the seeds of the plant serving as a by-product that can be pressed for oil. Grapeseed oil production primarily occurs in wine-growing regions, especially around the Mediterranean Sea.<ref name="SS">Template:Cite book</ref>
CompositionEdit
The following table lists a typical fatty acid composition of grape seed oil:<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
| Acid | Type | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Linoleic acid | ω−6 unsaturated | 69.6% |
| Oleic acid | ω−9 unsaturated | 15.8% |
| Palmitic acid (Hexadecanoic acid) |
Saturated | 7% |
| Stearic acid (Octadecanoic acid) |
Saturated | 4% |
| Alpha-linolenic acid | ω−3 unsaturated | 0.1% |
| Palmitoleic acid (9-Hexadecenoic acid) |
ω−7 unsaturated | less than 1% |
Grape seed oil also contains 0.8 to 1.5% unsaponifiables rich in phenols (tocopherols) and steroids (campesterol, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Grapeseed oil contains small amounts of vitamin E, but safflower oil, cottonseed oil, or rice bran oil contain greater amounts.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Grapeseed oil is high in polyunsaturates and low in saturated fat.
Comparison to other vegetable oilsEdit
Template:Vegetable oils, composition