Gray Davis
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Joseph Graham "Gray" Davis Jr. (born December 26, 1942) is an American attorney and former politician who served as the 37th governor of California from 1999 until he was recalled and removed from office in 2003. He is the second state governor in U.S. history to have been recalled, after Lynn Frazier of North Dakota.
A member of the Democratic Party, Davis holds a Bachelor of Arts in history from Stanford University and a Juris Doctor from Columbia Law School. He was awarded a Bronze Star for his service as a captain in the Vietnam War. Prior to serving as governor, Davis was chief of staff to Governor Jerry Brown (1975–1981), a California State Assemblyman (1983–1987), California State Controller (1987–1995) and the 44th lieutenant governor of California (1995–1999).
During his time as governor, Davis made education his top priority and California spent eight billion dollars more than was required under Proposition 98 during his first term. In California, under Davis, standardized test scores increased for five straight years.<ref name="Accomp."/> Davis signed the nation's first state law requiring automakers to limit auto emissions. Davis supported laws to ban assault weapons and is also credited with improving relations between California and Mexico.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Davis began his tenure as governor with strong approval ratings, but they declined as voters blamed him for the California electricity crisis, the California budget crisis that followed the bursting of the dot-com bubble, and the car tax.
On October 7, 2003, Davis was recalled. In the recall election, 55.4% of voters supported his removal. He was succeeded in office on November 17, 2003, by actor Arnold Schwarzenegger, who won the recall replacement election. After being recalled, Davis worked as a lecturer at the UCLA School of Public Affairs and as an attorney at Loeb & Loeb.
Early life, education, and military serviceEdit
Davis was born in the Bronx, New York City, the son of Doris (Meyer) Morell and Joseph Graham Davis. Davis was the oldest of five children: Three boys and two girls.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Davis's father, an advertising manager at Time Inc. and an alcoholic, was the son of businessman William Rhodes Davis.<ref name="survival"/> Davis' upper-middle-class family was led by his demanding mother,<ref name="survival">Chorneau, Tom. "Davis' career one of survival despite long odds." Associated Press State & Local Wire. Wednesday, September 10, 2003. Copyright 2003 Associated Press. Accessed on LexisNexis on August 11, 2007.</ref> who gave him the nickname "Gray".<ref name="Full_Bio">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Davis moved to California with his family in 1954.<ref name="auto">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Davis graduated from a North Hollywood military academy, the Harvard School for Boys (now part of Harvard-Westlake School).<ref name="auto"/> His diverse educational experiences at public, private and Catholic schools allowed him an opportunity to compare all three systems as a lawmaker.<ref name="survival"/>
Davis's academic accomplishments earned him acceptance to Stanford University.<ref name="survival"/> He played on the Stanford golf team with a two handicap.<ref name="bright">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> After Davis entered Stanford, his father left the family, forcing Davis to join the ROTC to stay in school; his arrangement with ROTC included a promise to enter the Army after completing his education. In 1964, he graduated with distinction from Stanford, receiving a Bachelor of Arts in history. He then returned to New York City to attend Columbia Law School, graduating with his J.D. degree in 1967.<ref name="End" />
After completing law school in 1967, Davis entered active duty in the United States Army, serving in the Vietnam War during its height until 1969.<ref name="Shining">Template:Cite news</ref> Davis saw time on the battlefield during his time in Vietnam.<ref name="survival"/> Davis returned home as a captain with a Bronze Star Medal for meritorious service. Friends who knew him at the time said Davis—like many war veterans—came back a changed man, interested in politics and more intense, according to the Sacramento Bee.<ref name="Shining"/> He returned from Vietnam more "serious and directed."<ref name="survival"/> Davis was surprised to discover that many of those serving in Vietnam were Latinos, African Americans and southern whites with very few from schools like Stanford and Columbia; Davis believed that the burden of the war should be felt equally and he resolved early on to go about changing America so that would change.<ref name="Interview">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Davis is a life member of the American Legion and the Veterans of Foreign Wars.<ref name="Bio">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Early careerEdit
Davis volunteered for John V. Tunney's campaign for the United States Senate in 1970.<ref name="Interview"/> He started a statewide neighborhood crime watch program while serving as chairman of the California Council on Criminal Justice.<ref name="Shining"/> His initial political experience included working to help Tom Bradley win election as Los Angeles's first black mayor in 1973. The historical significance of Bradley's victory further inspired Davis to pursue a career in politics.<ref name="Interview"/> Davis ran for state treasurer in 1974 but lost when the more popular Jesse Unruh filed to run on the deadline.<ref name="Interview"/>
Davis served as executive secretary and chief of staff to Governor Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr. from 1975 to 1981. Davis was not as liberal as Brown, and some said he offset Brown's style by projecting a more intense, controlled personality.<ref name="Shining"/> Davis has stated that while Brown was campaigning for president in 1980, Davis ran the state in Brown's absence.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Davis served as the Assemblyman from the 43rd district, representing parts of Los Angeles County including West Los Angeles and Beverly Hills<ref name="NewGovs_WP">Template:Cite news</ref> from 1983 to 1987. Davis championed a popular campaign to help find missing children by placing their pictures on milk cartons and grocery bags.<ref name="Shining"/><ref name="Style"/> Davis's Republican opponent in the race, William Campbell, criticized Davis as "...the man special interests love most." Among other allegations raised by Campbell were disclosures that Davis had received campaign contributions from Eugene LaPietra, a candidate for the West Hollywood City Council who was convicted on federal pornography charges. LaPietra served as Davis’ finance chairman.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Davis cut all ties with La Pietra following a Los Angeles Times report on his pornography convictions.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
State ControllerEdit
In 1986, Davis ran against six other contenders in the race for State Controller; several of those candidates, including Democrat John Garamendi and Republican Bill Campbell, were arguably better known at the time.<ref name="survival"/> Davis won the election and served as State Controller for eight years until 1995. As California's chief fiscal officer, he saved taxpayers more than half a billion dollars by cracking down on Medi-Cal fraud, rooting out government waste and inefficiency and exposing the misuse of public funds.<ref name="Smart">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He was the first controller to withhold paychecks from all state elected officials, including himself, until the governor and the Legislature passed an overdue budget. He also found and returned more than $1.8 billion in unclaimed property to California citizens, including forgotten bank accounts, insurance settlements and stocks.<ref name="Smart"/>
1992 U.S. Senate campaignEdit
Davis ran against San Francisco mayor Dianne Feinstein for the Democratic nomination for the United States Senate in the 1992 special election to fill the Senate seat vacated by Pete Wilson who was elected Governor of California in 1990.
The race is often cited as an example of Davis's history of negative campaign tactics.<ref name="LGOV">The Race for Lieutenant Governor: Democrat Gray Davis and Republican Cathie Wright vie to serve a heartbeat away Template:Webarchive by Borland, John. The California Journal. Copyright California Voter Foundation 1994. Retrieved September 7, 2007.</ref> The Davis campaign featured an ad that compared Feinstein to the incarcerated hotelier Leona Helmsley.<ref name="Style">Chorneau, Tom. "Gray Davis’ downfall rooted in his personality and political style." The Associated Press State & Local Wire. October 9, 2003. Copyrighted 2003 Associated Press. Accessed on LexisNexis August 10, 2007</ref> Some experts consider that ad to be the most negative in state history.<ref name="DiFi">Chorneau, Tom. "Feinstein takes on role as Davis’ chief defender." Associated Press State & Local Wire. September 3, 2003. Copyright 2003 Associated Press. Accessed on LexisNexis on August 11, 2007.</ref> The ad backfired with Davis losing to Feinstein by a significant margin for the nomination although this loss did not stop Davis from using negative campaign ads in the future, including in his race for lieutenant governor.<ref name="LGOV" />
Davis blamed his campaign managers for the defeat and vowed not to let major decisions in future campaigns be decided by his campaign staff.<ref name="Style" /> In 2003, when Feinstein urged voters to vote no during the recall election, she was constantly reminded through questions, video and the media about the 1992 primary.<ref name="DiFi" />
Lieutenant Governor of CaliforniaEdit
Many Democrats came to believe that Davis's political career was over after his defeat in his run for the Senate, but Davis created a new campaign team. He won a landslide victory in his race for lieutenant governor in 1994, receiving more votes than any other Democratic candidate in America.<ref name="Style"/><ref name="Smart"/> Davis ran as a moderate candidate against Republican Cathie Wright.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Davis used ads to depict Wright as a Republican who was too conservative for California.<ref name="LGOV"/> Davis had a large advantage in campaign funds.<ref name="LGOV"/>
As lieutenant governor until 1999, Gray Davis focused on efforts on the California economy and worked to encourage new industries to locate and expand in the state.<ref name="Smart"/> He also worked to keep college education affordable for California's middle-class families and oversaw the largest student-fee reduction in California history.<ref name="Smart"/> As the state's second-highest officeholder, he served as President of the State Senate, Chair of the Commission for Economic Development, Chair of the State Lands Commission, Regent of the University of California and Trustee of the California State University.<ref name="Smart"/>
Governor of CaliforniaEdit
1998 gubernatorial campaignEdit
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In the June primary election, Davis surprised political observers by handily defeating two better funded Democratic opponents: multimillionaire airline executive Al Checchi and Congresswoman Jane Harman, wife of multimillionaire Sidney Harman.<ref name="survival"/><ref name="Primary">California Governor's Race Gets Tougher: Open primary makes it the most unpredictable contest in the nation Template:Webarchive by Schneider, Bill. CNN. Copyright © 1998 AllPolitics. March 3, 1998. Retrieved September 7, 2007.</ref> Davis's campaign slogan during the primary was "Experience Money Can't Buy." Early primary polls showed Davis in third for the Democratic nomination.<ref name="Primary"/> Davis surprised many political insiders with his landslide come-from-behind victory.<ref name="survival"/><ref name="Circus">Chorneau, Tom. "Davis campaign to run outside recall circus." Associated Press State & Local Wire. Tuesday, August 12, 2003. Copyright 2003 Associated Press. Accessed on LexisNexis on August 11, 2007.</ref> Davis even finished ahead of the unopposed Republican nominee in California's first blanket gubernatorial primary.
Davis won the 1998 general election for governor with 57.9% of the vote, defeating Republican Attorney General Dan Lungren who had 38.4%. Davis aimed to portray himself as a moderate centrist Democrat and to label Lungren a Republican too conservative for California and out of touch with its views on issues like guns and abortion.<ref name="Key states">In Key State of California, Democrats Bask in Victories Template:Webarchive by Booth, William & Sanchez, Rene. The Washington Post. Wednesday, November 4, 1998; Page A29. Retrieved September 7, 2007.</ref> After his victory, Davis declared that he would work to end the "divisive politics" of his predecessor Pete Wilson.<ref name="Key states"/> In his campaign, Davis emphasized the need to improve California's public schools, which voters had cited as their top concern in this election.<ref name="Key states"/>
First termEdit
Popular start and educationEdit
In 1998, Davis was elected the Golden State's first Democratic governor in 16 years. The San Jose Mercury News called him "perhaps the best-trained governor-in-waiting California has ever produced."<ref name="Shining"/> In March 1999, Davis enjoyed a 58% approval rating and just 12% disapproval.<ref>Voters Well Pleased With Governor's First 100 Days, Poll Finds 5-to-1 approval ratings put Davis on solid footing out of the gate Template:Webarchive by Marinucci, Carla. The San Francisco Chronicle. March 19, 1999. Retrieved September 7, 2007.</ref> His numbers peaked in February 2000 with 62% approval and 20% disapproval, coinciding with the peak of the dot-com boom in California.<ref name="bright"/><ref>Record-High Job Ratings for California Politicians Template:Webarchive by Gledhill, Lynda. San Francisco Chronicle. February 16, 2000. Retrieved September 7, 2007.</ref> Davis held his strong poll numbers into January 2001.
Davis's first official act as governor was to call a special session of the state legislature to address his plan for all California children to be able to read by age 9.
Davis used California's growing budget surplus to increase education spending. He signed legislation that provided for a new statewide accountability program and for the Academic Performance Index and supported the high school exit exam.<ref name="End"/> He signed legislation that authorized the largest expansion of the Cal Grant program.<ref name="End"/> Under the Davis administration, California began recognizing students for outstanding academic achievement in math and sciences on the new Golden State Exams. Davis's Governors Scholarship program provided $1,000 scholarships to those students who scored in the top 1% in two subject areas on the state's annual statewide standardized test.
Davis signed into law legislation that began the Eligibility in the Local Context (ELC) program that guaranteed admission to a University of California institution to students that finished in the top 4% of their high school class.<ref name="First">Davis Firsts Template:Webarchive. Retrieved August 2007.</ref>Template:Better source needed Public schools received $8 billion over the minimum required by Proposition 98 during Davis's first term. Davis increased spending on recruiting more and better-qualified teachers. He campaigned to lower the approval threshold for local school bonds from two-thirds to 55 percent in a statewide proposition that passed. Davis earmarked $3 billion over four years for new textbooks and, between 1999 and 2004, increased state per-pupil spending from $5,756 to $6,922.<ref name="Dark">Energy crisis leaves Davis record in dark Template:Webarchive by Lucas, Greg. The San Francisco Chronicle. October 13, 2002. News, pg A1. The Chronicle Publishing Company 2002. Retrieved July 23, 2007.</ref>
In 2001, Gov. Gray Davis signed Senate Bill 19, which establishes nutritional standards for food at elementary schools and bans the sale of carbonated beverages in elementary and middle schools.<ref name="Child">San Diego conference tackles child obesity epidemic Template:Webarchive by Yang, Sarah. January 2, 2003. Media Relations. University of California Berkeley Press Release. Copyright 2002 UC Regents.</ref>
Another early act of Davis's was the reversal of his predecessor Republican Governor Pete Wilson's alteration of California's eight-hour overtime pay rule for wage earners.
Signing SB 400 into lawEdit
In 1999, the CalPERS board proposed a benefits expansion that would allow public employees to retire at age 55 and collect more than half their highest salary for life (pension spiking). CalPERS predicted the benefits would require no increase in the State's contributions by projecting an average annual return of 8.25% over the next decade. When Board member Phil Angelides' aide questioned whether the stock market could grow that long, Board Chairman William Crist, a former union president, replied that they "could make all sorts of different assumptions and make predictions, but that's really more than I think we can expect our staff to do." CalPERS' chief actuary, objected, finding that it would be "fairly catastrophic" if the fund only grew at 4.4%. The benefits expansion bill, SB 400, passed with unanimous backing by California State Assembly Democrats and was signed into law by Governor Gray Davis. CalPERS then produced a video promoting the legislation with Chairman Crist promising greater benefits "without imposing any additional cost on the taxpayers" and the California State Employees Association president praising it as "the biggest thing since sliced bread". The next year the dot-com bubble burst, and CalPERS did not grow, instead losing value in the stock market downturn of 2002. In 2001–2002, CalPERS provided technical assistance for the Sarbanes-Oxley Act because it had sustained financial losses from the Enron and WorldCom bankruptcies. After the Great Recession, in 2009 CalPERS investments lost 24%, dropping $67 billion in value. Chairman Crist retired from the board and it was later revealed he had accepted more than $800,000 from a firm to ensure hundreds of millions of investment from CalPERS. This CalPERS mess was one of the factors that made Gray Davis get recalled. Governor Jerry Brown worked on trying to fix this retirement system for years, but CalPERS is still underfunded in 2022 and could end up costing state tax payers hundreds of billions in bailouts.
Domestic partnershipsEdit
Davis recognized the domestic partnerships registry in 1999 and, in 2001, gave same-sex partners a few of the rights enjoyed by opposite-sex spouses such as making health care decisions for an incapacitated partner, acting as a conservator and inheriting property.<ref name="End"/> He also signed a bill to prevent disqualification from a jury based on sexual orientation. Additionally, he signed a bill allowing employees to use family leave to care for a domestic partner, though he did not make good on a campaign promise to convene a task force on civil unions.<ref name="Dark"/>
Guns and public safetyEdit
He signed laws in 1999 banning assault weapons by characteristic rather than brand name, as well as limiting handgun purchases to one a month, requiring trigger locks with all sales of new firearms and reducing the sale of cheap handguns. Davis's ban included a ban on .50 caliber firearms and so-called "Saturday Night Specials."<ref name="End"/><ref name="First"/> In 2001, Davis signed a bill requiring gun buyers to pass a safety test.<ref name="Dark"/>
CrimeEdit
A supporter of the death penalty and tougher sentencing laws, Davis blocked nearly all parole recommendations by the parole board.<ref name="Dark"/> Davis campaigned as an ardent supporter of capital punishment; which reportedly played a crucial part in his successful gubernatorial campaign. In 1999, he denied his first clemency request from Thai national Jaturun Siripongs, stating, "Model behavior cannot bring back the lives of the two innocent murder victims." Siripongs was executed in February 1999; the first execution to occur during Davis's governorship.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Relations with MexicoEdit
Early in 1999, Davis sought to improve relations with Mexico. Davis believed that California under Pete Wilson had left millions of dollars of potential trade revenues "on the table."<ref name="Mexico">Template:Cite news</ref> Davis said he wanted California to have relations with Mexico that were more like Texas under then-Governor George W. Bush.<ref name="Mexico"/> Controversy over the California-Mexico border and California Proposition 187 had strained the relationship between the two parties.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Davis met with Mexican President Ernesto Zedillo to improve relations with California's southern neighbor and major trading partner within Davis's first 30 days in office.<ref name="Accomp."/><ref name="End"/> Davis later met with President Vicente Fox and participated in his inauguration. The Governor met with Mexican presidents eight times. Under the Davis administration, California and Baja California signed a "Memorandum of Understanding" expanding cooperation in several policy areas.<ref name="Accomp."/> Under Davis, Mexico became California's leading export market for the first time in history and California's trade with Mexico surpassed all of Mexico's trade with Latin America, Europe and Asia combined.<ref name="Accomp.">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Because of the growth in the California economy, Davis opened and expanded trade offices around the world, including in Mexico. But most of these offices were eliminated in the 2003 California budget due to difficult fiscal times.<ref name="Accomp."/>
Health, environment, business, and transportationEdit
Davis significantly expanded the number of low-income children with state-subsidized health coverage.<ref name="Accomp."/> He signed laws to allow patients to get a second opinion if their HMO denies treatment and, in limited cases, the right to sue.<ref name="First"/>Template:Better source needed Davis signed legislation that provided HMO patients a bill of rights, including a help-line to resolve disputes and independent medical review of claims.<ref name="End"/> Under Davis, staff-to-patient ratios in nursing homes improved. However, Davis reneged on a campaign promise to expand low-cost healthcare to parents of needy children due to budget constraints.<ref name="Dark"/>
Davis allowed non-disabled low-income people with HIV to be treated under Medi-Cal. He signed a law allowing people participating in needle exchange programs to be immune from criminal prosecution. He also increased state spending on AIDS prevention.<ref name="Dark"/>
Under Governor Davis, California's anti-tobacco campaign became one of the largest and most effective in the nation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> R. J. Reynolds and Lorillard Tobacco sued over California's antismoking campaign but their lawsuit was dismissed in July 2003. Davis also authorized a new hard-hitting anti-smoking ad that graphically depicts the damage caused by secondhand smoke.<ref name="Accomp."/>
In September 2002, Governor Davis signed bills to ensure age verification was obtained for cigarettes and other tobacco products sold over the Internet or through the mail, ensured that all state taxes are being fully paid on tobacco purchases and increased the penalty for possessing or purchasing untaxed cigarettes.<ref name="la"/> He also signed legislation to expand smoke-free zones around public buildings.<ref name="Accomp."/><ref name="la">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Davis approved legislation creating a telemarketing do-not-call list in 2003.<ref name="First"/>Template:Better source needed Under Davis, benefits for injured and unemployed workers increased. The minimum wage increased by $1 to $6.75.<ref name="Accomp."/> Davis backed higher research and development tax credits. He pushed for elimination of the minimum franchise tax paid by new businesses during the first two years of operation.<ref name="Dark"/>
While Davis's record is generally considered pro-environmental due to increases in spending for land acquisition, maintenance of the state's park system, signing legislation that attempts to cut greenhouse gas emissions by having automakers produce more efficient vehicles, cutting fees to state parks and opposing offshore drilling, he was criticized for not backing tougher restrictions on timber companies as some environmentalists desired.<ref name="Dark"/> Under the Davis administration, California purchased Template:Convert for urban parks.<ref name="End"/>
Davis signed the first state law in the US in July 2002 to require automakers to limit auto emissions. The law required the California Air Resources Board to obtain the "maximum feasible" cuts in greenhouse gases emitted by all non-commercial vehicles in 2009 and beyond.<ref>Topics: State and Local Action. California Governor Gray Davis Signs Landmark Law Designed to Cut Car Exhaust Emissions Template:Webarchive from Climate.org. July 2002. Retrieved September 3, 2007.</ref> Automakers claimed the law would lead smaller and more expensive cars to be sold in California.<ref>California's emission-control law upheld on 1st test in U.S. court Template:Webarchive</ref> In 2003, Davis signed legislation aiming to ban junk email.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On March 25, 1999, Davis issued an executive order calling for the removal of MTBE (a toxic gasoline additive) from gasoline sold in the state.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2001, in order for gas prices to remain reasonable in California while removing MTBE, Davis asked President George W. Bush to order the EPA to grant California a waiver on the federal minimum oxygen requirement.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Without a waiver, California would have to import a much larger amount of ethanol per year and gas prices were projected to increase drastically. Bush did not grant the waiver and in 2002, Davis issued an executive order reversing his earlier executive order.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Davis's actions when it came to regulating business suggested that Davis was a more moderate governor. He worked to kill a comprehensive bill opposed by banks and insurance companies to protect consumers' personal financial information. "What you saw in the campaign was what you got," said UC Berkeley professor Bruce Cain. "He's tried to negotiate a course between the different interest groups and keep Democrats on a more centrist, business-oriented track".<ref name="Dark"/>
Davis approved $5.3 billion over five years for more than 150 transit and highway projects. One of those projects was construction on the new eastern section of the Bay Bridge. During 1999 and 2000, California spent millions on onetime projects like buying new rail cars and track improvements.<ref name="Dark"/>
California electricity crisisEdit
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Soon after taking office, Davis was able to fast-track the first power plant construction in twelve years in April 1999, although the plant did not come on line before the electricity crisis.
According to the subsequent Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's investigation and report, numerous energy trading companies, many based in Texas, such as Enron Corporation, illegally restricted their supply to the point where the spikes in power usage would cause blackouts. Rolling blackouts affecting 97,000 customers hit the San Francisco Bay area on June 14, 2000, and San Diego Gas & Electric Company filed a complaint alleging market manipulation by some energy producers in August 2000.<ref name="Highest">Template:Cite news</ref> On December 7, 2000, suffering from low supply and idled power plants, the California Independent System Operator (CAISO), which manages the California power grid, declared the first statewide Stage 3 power alert, meaning power reserves were below 3 percent. Rolling blackouts were avoided when the state halted two large state and federal water pumps to conserve electricity.<ref name="Highest"/>
On January 17, 2001, Davis declared a state of emergency in response to the electricity crisis. Speculators, led by Enron Corporation, were collectively making large profits while the state teetered on the edge for weeks and finally suffered rolling blackouts on January 17 and 18.<ref name="Highest"/> Davis stepped in to buy power at highly unfavorable terms on the open market, since the California power companies were technically bankrupt and had no buying power. California agreed to pay $43 billion for power over the next 20 years.<ref name="Highest"/> Newspaper publishers sued Davis to force him to make public the details of the energy deal.<ref name="Chain">Governor's Race Gray Davis Energy crisis grew into ball and chain Template:Webarchive by Glendhill, Lynda. The San Francisco Chronicle. Sunday, February 17, 2002. Retrieved August 14, 2007.</ref>
During the electricity crisis, the Davis administration implemented a power conservation program that included television ads and financial incentives to reduce energy consumption. These efforts, the fear of rolling blackouts and the increased cost of electricity resulted in a 14.1% reduction in electricity usage from June 2000 to June 2001.<ref name="Highest"/>
Gray Davis critics often charge that he did not respond properly to the crisis, while his defenders attribute the crisis solely to the corporate accounting scandals and say that Davis did all he could. Some critics on the left, such as Arianna Huffington, alleged that Davis was lulled to inaction by campaign contributions from energy producers.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Some of Davis's energy advisers were formerly employed by the same energy speculators who made millions from the crisis. In addition, the Democratic-controlled legislature would sometimes push Davis to act decisively by taking over power plants which were known to have been gamed and place them back under control of the utilities. Some conservatives argued that Davis signed overpriced energy contracts, employed incompetent negotiators and refused to allow electricity prices to rise for residences statewide much as they had in San Diego, which they argue could have given Davis more leverage against the energy traders and encouraged more conservation.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The electricity crisis is considered one of the major factors that led to Davis's recall.
In a speech at UCLA on August 19, 2003, Davis apologized for being slow to act during the energy crisis, but then forcefully attacked the Houston-based energy suppliers: "I inherited the energy deregulation scheme which put us all at the mercy of the big energy producers. We got no help from the Federal government. In fact, when I was fighting Enron and the other energy companies, these same companies were sitting down with Vice President Cheney to draft a national energy strategy."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
When the Enron verdicts were rendered years later, convicting Enron and other companies of market manipulation, Davis responded with the following quote:
Template:Cquote (Skilling's conviction was later overturned by the United States Supreme Court in its narrowing of the "honest services" statute.)
On November 13, 2003, shortly before leaving office, Davis officially brought the energy crisis to an end by issuing a proclamation ending the state of emergency he declared on January 17, 2001. The state of emergency allowed the state to buy electricity for the financially strapped utility companies. The emergency authority allowed Davis to order the California Energy Commission to streamline the application process for new power plants. During that time, California issued licenses to 38 new power plants, amounting to 14,365 megawatts of electricity production when completed.<ref name="Accomp."/>
In 2006, the Los Angeles Times published an article that credited Davis's signing of the long-term projects for preventing future blackouts and providing California a cheap supply of energy with the increasing costs of energy.<ref>Little risk to Schwarzenegger of blackouts, thanks to Gray Davis Template:Webarchive by Kurtzman, Laura. Associated Press. Posted on Fri, July 21, 2006. Retrieved August 14, 2007.</ref>
In March 2003, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's long-awaited report on the so-called "energy crisis" was released. That report substantially vindicated Davis, laying the blame for the energy disruption and raiding of California's treasury on deliberate tactics employed by some 25 energy trading companies, most of which were based in Texas. Of the latter, the most notable was Enron, a number of whose principals were subsequently criminally prosecuted for their roles.
Budget crisisEdit
During the economic boom years of the Davis administration, the California budget expanded to cover Davis's new programs. California's low national K-12 education rankings and Davis's campaign pledge to help education, along with the large majority that elected Davis to his first term and his early popularity, suggest that a majority of Californians supported increases in education spending during the early part of his first term when California was in budget surplus. Polls also showed that increased spending in education was supported by the California voters.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Under the Davis administration, taxes were cut by over $5.1 billion that included a $3.5 billion cut in sales tax and a reduction in the vehicle licensing fees.<ref name="First"/><ref name="sales">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The cut in sales taxes was mandated due to a 1991 law that required sales taxes to be reduced a quarter percent when budget reserves exceed 4 percent of the state general fund for two straight fiscal years which they did in 1999 and 2000.<ref name="sales"/> Davis also vetoed $5.1 billion in appropriations during that span.<ref name="sales"/>
While California's economy was expanding, California was producing record budget surpluses under Davis even after his tax cuts and new spending. According to the California Department of Finance, California, had a 10% surplus at the end of 1999 and California was projected to have a 4% surplus at the end fiscal year 2000.<ref name="sales"/> These surplus monies were left in the treasury. Davis claimed to be cautious with state finances.
The dot-com boom that had been fueling California's record tax revenues went bust. California was home to a large number of high tech firms and was largely dependent on state income taxes. State revenues fell while ongoing spending commitments created deficits. Restoring the vehicle licensing fees to pre tax cut levels to close the budget gap and stabilize the state's credit rating became unpopular.<ref name="bright"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The beginning shortfall for the 2002-2003 state budget was $23.6 billion.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Davis announced that the 2003-2004 budget shortfall would be $34.6 billion while the Legislative Analyst projected a $21.1.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Relationship with legislatureEdit
Davis, a moderate, had some disagreements with the more liberal Democratic-controlled Legislature.<ref name="Dark"/> Democrat John L. Burton, the leader of the California State Senate, was Davis's chief antagonist.<ref name="Dark"/>
Declining popularityEdit
In May 2001, in the middle of the California electricity crisis, his numbers declined to 42% approval and 49% disapproval.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> By December 2001, Davis's approval ratings spiked up to 51%.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> His numbers declined back to the May 2001 level and remained about the same over the next year.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In April 2003, Davis had a 24% approval rating and 65% disapproval rating.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The leading causes of Davis's steep decline in popularity (and eventual recall) were the California electricity crisis, which involved a sharp increase in electricity rates and a series of blackouts in 2001,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> as well as voter discontent with an increase in state car registration taxes.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Davis had tried to maintain a middle-of-the-road approach, but ultimately alienated many of the state's liberals who viewed him as too conservative and many conservatives who viewed him as too liberal.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Many were upset that in trying to balance the budget, Davis cut spending for schools while increasing spending for prisons. Some critics attributed the proposal to the California Correctional Peace Officers Associations donations to Davis's re-election campaign.<ref name="End2">Template:Cite news</ref>
2002 gubernatorial campaignEdit
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Davis began fundraising for his 2002 reelection campaign early in his governorship. Davis raised $13.2 million in 1999 and $14.2 million in 2000, both unprecedented sums at the time so early in an elected term.<ref name="Gladstone">Gladstone, Mark. "California Governor Raises Record Funding for Campaign." San Jose Mercury. February 2, 2001. Copyright 2001 News Knight Ridder/Tribune Business News. Accessed from LexisNexus July 22, 2007.</ref> Davis's 1999 and 2000 contributions included contributions from Pacific Gas & Electric and Edison International.<ref name="Gladstone"/> Davis also received large contributions from labor groups, environmental groups and individuals.<ref name="Gladstone"/>
Davis's fundraising efforts attracted much attention. University of California Berkeley's Institute of Government Studies claimed that Davis's fundraising skills were "second to none in the political arena" while Senator John McCain called Davis's 2001 goal of $26 million "disgraceful."<ref name="igs.berkeley.edu">Political Fundraising of Governor Gray Davis Template:Webarchive by Staff of Institute of Government Studies. University of California Berkeley. Retrieved August 13, 2007.</ref> One article in the San Francisco Chronicle claimed that Davis was raising $34,000 a day.<ref name="igs.berkeley.edu"/> Although Davis's fundraising pace was criticized by his many detractors, Arnold Schwarzenegger would later collect contributions at a quicker rate during the early years of his governorship.<ref>Schwarzenegger outpacing Davis in fundraising Template:Webarchive by Hinch, Jim. Orange County Register. December 24, 2003.</ref> Arnoldwatch.org, a project of the Foundation for Taxpayer and Consumer Rights, which is a nonpartisan organization that is critical of both Democrats and Republicans, called Davis a "pay to play" politician and a "sellout".<ref>The Gray Davis Files Template:Webarchive by Arnoldwatch.org.</ref>
During the 2002 election campaign, Davis took the unusual step of taking out campaign ads during the Republican primaries against Los Angeles mayor Richard Riordan. Davis claimed that Riordan had attacked his record and that his campaign was defending his record.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Polls showed that, as a moderate, Riordan would be a more formidable challenger in the general election than a conservative candidate. Polls even showed that Riordan would defeat Davis.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Davis attacked Riordian with negative ads in the primary. The ads questioned Riordan's pro-choice stance by questioning Riordan's support of pro-life politicians and judges.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The ads pointed out Riordan's position of wanting a moratorium on the death penalty as being to the left of Gray Davis, who strongly supported it.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Davis's negative ads against Riordan and a variety of other equally important factors explained on the 2002 election page, led to Riordan's defeat in the Republican primary by the more staunchly conservative candidate Bill Simon. In the first 10 weeks of 2002, Davis spent $10 million on ads: $3 million on positive ads boasting of his record, $7 million on negative ads against Riordan.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Davis was re-elected in the November 2002 general election following a long and bitter campaign against Simon, marked by accusations of ethical lapses on both sides and widespread voter apathy.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Simon was also hurt by a financial fraud scandal that tarnished Simon's reputation.<ref>Gray Davis Template:Webarchive from Economist.com.</ref> Davis's campaign touted California's improving test scores, environmental protection, health insurance coverage for children and lower prescription drug costs for seniors.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Davis's campaign featured several negative ads that highlighted Simon's financial fraud scandal.<ref name="Heat">Turns up heat as Simon pares down: New ads roast GOP rival as he trims staff Template:Webarchive by Carla Marinucci, Lynda Gledhill, Chronicle Staff Writers. The San Francisco Chronicle. Friday, August 16, 2002.</ref> The 2002 gubernatorial race was the most expensive in California state history with over $100 million spent.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Davis's campaign was better financed; Davis had over $26 million more in campaign reserves than Simon in August 2002.<ref name="Heat"/> Davis gained re-election with 47.4% of the vote to Simon's 42.4%. However, the Simon-Davis race led in the lowest turnout percentage in modern gubernatorial history, allowing a lower than normal number of signatures required for a recall.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Davis won the election, but the majority of voters disliked Davis and did not approve of his job performance.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Second termEdit
Davis's second term, which lasted only ten months, was dominated by the recall election. He was widely criticized for responding to the budget crisis by reversing a decade of fee reductions on motor vehicles, a decision which his opponents repeatedly referenced.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Not long after Davis signed a law allowing the Department of Motor Vehicles to grant driver's licenses to undocumented immigrants, he was challenged to a recall election. Davis had also signed legislation requiring employers to pay for medical insurance for workers and legislation granting domestic partners many of the same rights as married people, and vetoed legislation that would have given undocumented immigrants free tuition for community college.<ref name="Floor">State Net California Journal. "From the Floor - Gray Davis' final acts." Copyright 2003 State Net(R). November 1, 2003, Saturday. Vol. 55, Iss. no. 11, Pg. 40. Accessed on LexisNexis August 10, 2007.</ref> Some political observers saw these efforts as an attempt to reinforce support from Hispanics, labor union members and liberal Democrats.<ref name="Floor"/> Ultimately, Davis did not have as much support from Hispanics and union members in the recall election as he did in his 2002 re-election.<ref name="Style"/>
Davis was governor during the southern California fires of 2003, more commonly known as the Cedar Fire. Davis declared a state of emergency in Los Angeles County, San Bernardino County, San Diego County and Ventura County in October 2003 and deployed the National Guard to help with disaster relief. By mid-November, the greater South Los Angeles area had been declared a disaster area. This enabled federal funding to help repair flooding and weather-related damage, including the destruction of thousands of acres of vegetation.<ref>City News Service. "Gov. Grady Davis Declares State of Emergency in South Los Angeles." Friday, November 14, 2003. Copyright 2003 News Service Inc. Accessed on LexisNexis August 10, 2007.</ref> The Cedar Fire was the last major event during Davis's tenure as governor. Both Davis and governor-elect Schwarzenegger worked to help with disaster relief. Schwarzenegger went to Washington, D.C., and met Vice President Dick Cheney to lobby the federal government for more disaster relief funds.
Davis spent 1,778 days as governor and signed 5,132 bills out of 6,244, vetoing 1,112 bills.<ref name="End">Template:Cite news</ref>
Recall electionEdit
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In July 2003, a sufficient number of citizen signatures were collected for a recall election. The initial drive for the recall was fueled by funds from the personal fortune of U.S. Rep. Darrell Issa, a Republican who originally hoped to replace Davis himself. The 2003 California recall special election was the goal of the "Dump Davis" campaign and constituted the first gubernatorial recall in Californian history and only the second in U.S. history. Later, the unsuccessful recall of Scott Walker of Wisconsin in 2012 would be the third and the 2021 California gubernatorial recall election of Gavin Newsom would be the fourth in September 2021.
Early in the runup to the recall election, Davis called the recall election an "insult" to the eight million voters who had voted in the 2002 gubernatorial election. The Davis campaign tried to run against the recall Yes/No vote instead of against the candidates that were trying to replace him. Davis tried to depict the recall as a $66 million waste of money that could allow a candidate with a very small percentage of the vote to become Governor—potentially someone who was very liberal or conservative as there are no primaries in a recall election. Davis tried to run "outside the recall circus" and to make himself appear gubernatorial and hard at work for California, and who had made improvements to education and healthcare.<ref name="Circus"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Early August polls showed that over 50% supported the recall.<ref name="Circus"/>
In September 2003, Davis conceded that he had lost touch with the voters and added that he was holding numerous townhall meetings in an effort to address the problem.<ref name="Concedes">Davis concedes he had lost touch with voters Template:Webarchive by Salladay, Robert & Coile, Zachary. The San Francisco Chronicle. Thursday, September 18, 2003. Retrieved July 1, 2012.</ref> Poll numbers in September showed a 3% drop in the number of California voters who were planning to vote yes on the recall.<ref name="Mid">Chorneau, Tom. "Campaign midpoint offers Davis last chance." Associated Press State & Local Wire. Tuesday, September 9, 2003. Copyright 2003 Associated Press. Accessed on LexisNexis on August 11, 2007.</ref> According to some analysts and campaign aides, Davis's town hall meetings and conversations with voters were softening his image.<ref name="Mid"/> Many political insiders remarked that Davis had made several comebacks and that he should not be counted out of the race despite poll numbers that showed over 50% planning to vote yes on the recall.<ref name="survival"/><ref name="Circus"/><ref name="Mid"/>
During the recall, Davis blamed some of the state's problems on his predecessor, Pete Wilson.<ref name="Defends">Chorneau, Tom. "Davis defends job and says he'll stay in touch with the people." Associated Press State & Local Wire. Wednesday, September 3, 2003. Copyright 2003 Associated Press. Accessed on LexisNexis on August 11, 2007.</ref> Davis claimed that he would have rather raised taxes on the upper tax brackets instead of restoring vehicle registration fees and college student tuition.<ref name="Defends"/>
Davis called the recall a right-wing effort to rewrite history after having lost the election during the previous year.<ref name="Defends"/> In a 19-minute campaign address that was broadcast statewide, Davis called the recall effort a "right-wing power grab" by Republicans. He blamed Republicans in the legislature and in Washington for many of the state's problems, while accepting some responsibility for those problems.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On October 7, 2003, Davis was recalled. The recall was supported by 55.4% of voters. Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger was elected to replace Davis as governor. The Bay Area and Los Angeles County were the only regions in California to vote "no" on the recall. Davis is the second governor in the history of the United States to have been recalled; the first was Lynn Frazier of North Dakota in 1921.<ref name="Recalled">Template:Cite news</ref>
On the night of the recall, Davis conceded defeat and thanked California for having elected him in five statewide elections. Davis mentioned what he defined as the accomplishments of his administration such as improvements in education, environmental protection, and health insurance for children.<ref>Davis in defeat: 'We'll have better nights to come' Template:Webarchive Concession speech transcript.</ref> Davis said he would help Schwarzenegger in the transition and he later urged his staff to do the same.<ref>Davis extols accomplishments, praises aides Template:Webarchive.</ref> His last day in office was November 17, 2003.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Life after politicsEdit
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In December 2004, Davis announced that he was joining the law firm of Loeb & Loeb.<ref name="bright"/>
Davis has done several media interviews about his legacy. He appeared prominently in the documentary Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room.<ref name="Enron">Template:Cite news</ref>
The debate about his legacy and role in the energy woes that proved to be his downfall remains. In a CNN interview on August 5, 2005, Davis expressed that he felt vindicated because of the revelation that Enron manipulated the California energy market and because of Schwarzenegger's then-low approval ratings. He also indicated that he had no interest in running for governor again, although he had been urged to run by some Democrats.<ref name="Enron"/>
Davis was a guest lecturer at UCLA's School of Public Policy in 2006 alongside former Republican State Senator Jim Brulte. He wrote an introduction for a journalist's book on the Amber Alert system for missing children, a cause he championed.<ref name="bright"/>
On April 23, 2007, Davis was appointed to the Board of Directors of animation company DiC Entertainment as a non-executive.<ref>DIC Entertainment Appoints Former Governor of California Gray Davis to Board of DirectorsTemplate:Dead link (2007, April 23). Yahoo! Finance. Retrieved April 23, 2007. Template:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref>
On May 21, 2009, Davis was keynote speaker at the Columbia Law School graduation ceremony.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In September 2024, Davis was one of several former governors to sign an open letter to all 50 current governors urging them to certify their states' votes after the upcoming November election.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Public image and political viewsEdit
Davis's moderate record made it difficult for him to appeal to the core constituency of the Democratic Party. During the recall, Davis failed to gain the full support he needed from his more liberal Democratic base.<ref name="Style"/> He had a reputation of being beholden to supporters yet unable to satisfy them.<ref name="Child"/> Davis's leadership and compromise-building skills have also been questioned.<ref name="Child"/> He was also hurt by redistricting in 2000 that made most districts safe for the incumbent party, limiting some legislators' need and willingness to compromise.<ref name="Child"/>
When Davis was inaugurated as governor of California, he said, "I'm a governor, not a judge". Davis vowed to uphold all of the laws of the state, even the ones with which he personally disagreed. Davis defended Proposition 187 initially,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> but when it was declared unconstitutional by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, he did not appeal the decision.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Davis's personality was often described as aloof and his political style cautious and calculated instead of charismatic.<ref name="Style"/> His personality forced him to depend more on political skills, such as fundraising, to win elections.<ref name="Style"/> Davis's tendency to micromanage his administration made it difficult for people to present opposing views and even drove some out of service.<ref name="Chain"/>
As Davis left office in 2003, the San Francisco Chronicle published an editorial discussing his legacy. The newspaper claimed that he lacked vision, allowed the legislature and its policies to define his tenure and had a "robotic governing style" that focused on fundraising instead of personal relationships. The Chronicle commented that Davis was often on the right side of the issues but that being on the right side of the issues alienated the electorate. Davis lacked charisma and seemed to be more passionate about winning campaigns than governing.<ref name="Style"/> Davis never showed emotion to the voters.<ref>San Francisco Chronicle Editorial Board. "Gray Davis' Legacy." San Francisco Chronicle. November 17, 2003. Pg. A20. Accessed on Lexis Nexis August 10, 2007.</ref> He spent much of his campaign time talking about his accomplishments instead of providing voters with a vision.<ref name="End"/>
Personal lifeEdit
Davis met his wife-to-be, Sharon Ryer, while on an airplane tending to official business in 1978. Davis and Ryer married in 1983, with California Supreme Court Justice Rose Bird officiating.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
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- Gray Davis Digital Library (active web site, launched 2006)
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- Department of Energy article on Davis's energy conservation efforts
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