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Gross national income

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The gross national income (GNI), previously known as gross national product (GNP), is the total amount of factor incomes earned by the residents of a country. It is equal to gross domestic product (GDP), plus factor incomes received from non-resident by residents, minus factor income paid by residents to non-resident.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

In contrast to GDP, GNI is not a concept of value added, but a concept of income. GNI is the basis of calculation of the largest part of contributions to the Budget of the European Union.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In February 2017, Ireland's GDP became so distorted from the base erosion and profit shifting ("BEPS") tax planning tools of U.S. multinationals, that the Central Bank of Ireland replaced Irish GDP with a new metric, Irish Modified GNI (or "GNI*"). In 2017, Irish GDP was 162% of Irish Modified GNI.<ref name="ber">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

GNI contrast with net national income : NNI = GNI - Depreciation<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Atlas method can be applied to correct for fluctuating exchange rates.<ref name="a083">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

History and name changeEdit

The modern concept of GNP, along with GDP, was first developed by Simon Kuznets for a 1934 U.S. Congress report. Countries like the US and the UK originally preferred GNP as a measure of economic activity while other like Norway preferred GDP.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Overtime communication harmonize around GDP included in the US which switched in 1991.

GNP was defined in the 1953 SNA as :

"the market value of product before deduction of provisions of consumption of fixed capital, attributable to factors of production supplied by normal residents of the given country"

Despite framing GNP as a concept of production, the attribution of the value was defined by the income earned by the owner of the factor of production.

In the 1993 revision to the SNA, the GNP definition was reframed from the point of view of the residents receiving income rather than the point of view of the factor of production. To reflect this, GNP was renamed GNI; the "national" part was kept as it is embedded in economic usage, even though the same concept of residence is used to define both GDP and GNI.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

GNP continues to be used in the National income and product accounts to refer to GNI calculated for expenditure data.

Type of income included in GNIEdit

GNI includes the salaries and wages of cross-border commuters and seasonal workers working overseas but does not include remittance sent by workers to their families overseas. This explains why France GNI is higher than its GDP as a lot of French residents work in Luxembourg, Monaco, or Switzerland. In comparison, India GNI is lower than its GDP despite being the larger receiver of remittances.

GNI also includes the propriety income: rent, interest, and "profit". The "profit" included both distributed income of corporations (dividends) and reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment, those are profit retained by the corporation. Like in the IMF balance of payments manual they are treated as if they were distributed to foreign direct investors in proportion to their ownership of the equity of the enterprise and then reinvested by them using additions in equity.

The GNI of EU countries also included subsidies received from the EU and excluded tariffs as the EU receives those.

GNI contrasts with Gross national disposable income which includes all current transfer income like international cooperation and remittance.

Comparison of GNI and GDPEdit

<math> \mathrm{GNI} = \mathrm{GDP} + \text{Money flowing from foreign countries} - \text{Money flowing to foreign countries}</math>

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Comparison of GNI (Atlas method). GNI and GDP
2023 World Bank (millions of current US$)
Country GNI (Atlas method)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref> !! colspan="2" | GNI<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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}}</ref> !! GDP<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

a a - c b b - c c
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GNI (Atlas method) nominalEdit

Nominal, Atlas method – millions of current US$ (top 15)<ref name="nominal">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Rank 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013
1 Template:USA 26,894,543 Template:USA 25,526,912 Template:USA 23,684,736 Template:USA 21,445,453 Template:USA 21,734,159 Template:USA 20,709,155 Template:USA 19,224,810 Template:USA 18,433,936 Template:USA 18,124,086 Template:USA 17,725,039 Template:USA 17,023,066
2 Template:CHN 18,899,260 Template:CHN 18,206,073 Template:CHN 16,883,573 Template:CHN 14,843,775 Template:CHN 14,512,889 Template:CHN 13,385,455 Template:CHN 12,104,948 Template:CHN 11,387,927 Template:CHN 10,883,163 Template:CHN 10,246,590 Template:CHN 9,193,838
3 Template:JPN 4,859,878 Template:JPN 5,324,575 Template:JPN 5,487,896 Template:JPN 5,169,146 Template:JPN 5,315,223 Template:JPN 5,300,391 Template:JPN 4,943,005 Template:JPN 4,887,582 Template:JPN 5,006,472 Template:JPN 5,656,061 Template:JPN 6,225,973
4 {{#invoke:flag Germany}} 4,559,133 {{#invoke:flag Germany}} 4,527,641 {{#invoke:flag Germany}} 4,329,964 {{#invoke:flag Germany}} 3,989,008 {{#invoke:flag Germany}} 4,105,522 {{#invoke:flag Germany}} 3,937,444 {{#invoke:flag Germany}} 3,617,063 {{#invoke:flag Germany}} 3,646,623 {{#invoke:flag Germany}} 3,740,019 {{#invoke:flag Germany}} 3,858,306 {{#invoke:flag Germany}} 3,807,840
5 {{#invoke:flag India}} 3,630,237 {{#invoke:flag India}} 3,394,542 {{#invoke:flag India}} 3,064,476 {{#invoke:flag India}} 2,661,734 Template:GBR 2,890,071 Template:GBR 2,792,597 Template:GBR 2,752,284 Template:GBR 2,818,536 Template:GBR 2,890,071 Template:GBR 2,879,862 {{#invoke:flag France}} 2,890,903
6 Template:GBR 3,266,990 Template:GBR 3,297,427 Template:GBR 3,052,770 {{#invoke:flag France}} 2,651,967 {{#invoke:flag India}} 2,878,536 {{#invoke:flag France}} 2,764,774 {{#invoke:flag France}} 2,564,094 {{#invoke:flag France}} 2,608,889 {{#invoke:flag France}} 2,737,258 {{#invoke:flag France}} 2,874,055 Template:GBR 2,744,028
7 {{#invoke:flag France}} 3,072,464 {{#invoke:flag France}} 3,078,221 {{#invoke:flag France}} 2,968,919 Template:GBR 2,599,175 {{#invoke:flag France}} 2,861,603 {{#invoke:flag India}} 2,713,330 {{#invoke:flag India}} 2,439,594 {{#invoke:flag India}} 2,246,784 {{#invoke:flag India}} 2,097,598 Template:BRA 2,457,007 Template:BRA 2,571,101
8 {{#invoke:flag Italy}} 2,244,585 {{#invoke:flag Italy}} 2,261,746 {{#invoke:flag Italy}} 2,153,654 {{#invoke:flag Italy}} 1,928,007 {{#invoke:flag Italy}} 2,085,349 {{#invoke:flag Italy}} 2,045,243 {{#invoke:flag Italy}} 1,899,454 {{#invoke:flag Italy}} 1,938,263 Template:BRA 2,084,247 {{#invoke:flag }} 2,137,991 {{#invoke:flag }} 2,179,425
9 Template:CAN 2,162,633 Template:CAN 2,075,404 Template:CAN 1,865,477 Template:KOR 1,712,697 Template:BRA 1,953,067 Template:BRA 1,920,050 Template:BRA 1,808,497 Template:BRA 1,839,992 {{#invoke:flag Italy}} 2,004,023 {{#invoke:flag Italy}} 2,122,305 {{#invoke:flag Italy}} 2,142,306
10 {{#invoke:flag }} 2,084,758 {{#invoke:flag }} 1,879,408 Template:KOR 1,821,293 Template:BRA 1,686,363 Template:CAN 1,752,253 Template:KOR 1,688,927 Template:CAN 1,567,890 Template:CAN 1,585,229 {{#invoke:flag }} 1,725,234 {{#invoke:flag India}} 2,020,998 {{#invoke:flag India}} 1,941,117
11 Template:BRA 1,962,339 Template:KOR 1,868,327 {{#invoke:flag }} 1,725,858 Template:CAN 1,669,281 Template:KOR 1,750,992 Template:CAN 1,670,517 Template:KOR 1,555,716 Template:KOR 1,502,019 Template:CAN 1,698,849 Template:CAN 1,849,754 Template:CAN 1,852,426
12 Template:KOR 1,835,476 Template:BRA 1,774,307 Template:BRA 1,689,214 {{#invoke:flag }} 1,575,000 {{#invoke:flag }} 1,655,618 {{#invoke:flag }} 1,505,175 {{#invoke:flag }} 1,352,319 {{#invoke:flag }} 1,426,946 Template:KOR 1,465,140 Template:AUS 1,531,471 Template:AUS 1,528,597
13 Template:AUS 1,681,999 Template:AUS 1,582,214 Template:AUS 1,470,331 Template:AUS 1,375,626 {{#invoke:flag Spain}} 1,431,194 {{#invoke:flag Spain}} 1,372,430 Template:AUS 1,267,317 Template:AUS 1,309,602 Template:AUS 1,441,971 Template:KOR 1,428,957 {{#invoke:flag Spain}} 1,362,931
14 {{#invoke:flag Spain}} 1,556,447 {{#invoke:flag Spain}} 1,533,031 {{#invoke:flag Spain}} 1,426,623 {{#invoke:flag Spain}} 1,287,271 Template:AUS 1,392,624 Template:AUS 1,326,718 {{#invoke:flag Spain}} 1,263,572 {{#invoke:flag Spain}} 1,281,503 {{#invoke:flag Spain}} 1,321,902 {{#invoke:flag Spain}} 1,355,256 Template:KOR 1,360,191
15 Template:MEX 1,554,336 Template:MEX 1,378,549 Template:MEX 1,256,693 Template:MEX 1,129,323 Template:MEX 1,241,846 Template:MEX 1,191,161 Template:MEX 1,143,310 Template:MEX 1,190,381 Template:MEX 1,280,512 Template:MEX 1,311,930 Template:MEX 1,267,698

GNI (Atlas method) PPPEdit

PPP – millions of international dollars (top 15)<ref name="ppp">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Rank 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013
1 Template:CHN 34,388,534 Template:CHN 31,576,043 Template:CHN 28,620,862 Template:CHN 25,044,516 Template:CHN 24,232,656 Template:CHN 22,355,235 Template:CHN 20,567,696 Template:CHN 19,169,812 Template:USA 18,608,138 Template:USA 17,984,237 Template:USA 17,140,708
2 Template:USA 27,525,100 Template:USA 25,926,000 Template:USA 23,777,600 Template:USA 21,479,588 Template:USA 21,760,847 Template:USA 20,883,383 Template:USA 19,837,150 Template:USA 18,983,369 Template:CHN 18,129,539 Template:CHN 17,445,351 Template:CHN 16,241,642
3 {{#invoke:flag India}} 14,324,038 {{#invoke:flag India}} 12,858,238 {{#invoke:flag India}} 11,250,341 {{#invoke:flag India}} 9,639,773 {{#invoke:flag India}} 9,837,436 {{#invoke:flag India}} 9,131,972 {{#invoke:flag India}} 8,264,362 {{#invoke:flag India}} 7,706,181 {{#invoke:flag India}} 7,120,994 {{#invoke:flag India}} 6,732,248 {{#invoke:flag India}} 6,416,831
4 Template:JPN 6,554,254 Template:JPN 6,254,021 Template:JPN 5,866,681 Template:JPN 5,554,842 Template:JPN 5,616,185 Template:JPN 5,548,453 Template:JPN 5,456,930 Template:JPN 5,338,419 Template:JPN 5,404,453 Template:JPN 5,221,591 Template:JPN 5,194,308
5 {{#invoke:flag }} 6,366,121 {{#invoke:flag }} 5,884,375 {{#invoke:flag }} 5,598,676 {{#invoke:flag Germany}} 4,952,942 {{#invoke:flag Germany}} 5,021,459 {{#invoke:flag Germany}} 4,730,328 {{#invoke:flag Germany}} 4,491,248 {{#invoke:flag Germany}} 4,268,496 {{#invoke:flag Germany}} 3,977,709 {{#invoke:flag Germany}} 3,883,390 {{#invoke:flag Germany}} 3,712,582
6 {{#invoke:flag Germany}} 6,092,387 {{#invoke:flag Germany}} 5,799,414 {{#invoke:flag Germany}} 5,351,636 {{#invoke:flag }} 4,542,377 {{#invoke:flag }} 4,434,791 {{#invoke:flag }} 4,128,705 {{#invoke:flag }} 3,705,398 {{#invoke:flag }} 3,440,587 {{#invoke:flag }} 3,428,610 {{#invoke:flag }} 3,639,325 {{#invoke:flag }} 3,611,853
7 Template:BRA 4,325,589 Template:BRA 4,055,711 {{#invoke:flag France}} 3,728,403 {{#invoke:flag France}} 3,370,362 {{#invoke:flag France}} 3,527,047 {{#invoke:flag France}} 3,197,838 {{#invoke:flag France}} 3,050,429 {{#invoke:flag France}} 2,924,693 Template:BRA 2,932,875 Template:BRA 3,107,798 Template:BRA 3,077,182
8 {{#invoke:flag France}} 4,235,079 {{#invoke:flag France}} 3,984,079 Template:BRA 3,669,595 Template:BRA 3,289,682 Template:GBR 3,332,513 Template:BRA 3,098,566 Template:GBR 3,009,162 Template:BRA 2,846,198 {{#invoke:flag France}} 2,777,205 {{#invoke:flag France}} 2,719,730 {{#invoke:flag France}} 2,666,952
9 Template:IDN 4,221,517 Template:IDN 3,870,444 Template:GBR 3,561,213 Template:GBR 3,151,687 Template:BRA 3,244,271 Template:GBR 3,087,113 Template:BRA 2,924,571 Template:GBR 2,824,431 Template:GBR 2,706,923 Template:GBR 2,619,025 Template:GBR 2,516,787
10 Template:GBR 3,974,003 Template:GBR 3,866,883 Template:IDN 3,434,771 Template:IDN 3,134,896 Template:IDN 3,166,892 Template:IDN 2,978,437 Template:IDN 2,766,769 Template:IDN 2,628,825 Template:IDN 2,538,121 Template:IDN 2,518,157 Template:IDN 2,448,797
11 {{#invoke:flag Turkey}} 3,729,107 {{#invoke:flag Italy}} 3,324,775 {{#invoke:flag Italy}} 2,988,508 {{#invoke:flag Italy}} 2,660,830 {{#invoke:flag Italy}} 2,797,692 {{#invoke:flag Italy}} 2,629,049 {{#invoke:flag Italy}} 2,531,220 {{#invoke:flag Italy}} 2,427,622 Template:MEX 2,251,300 Template:MEX 2,200,816 {{#invoke:flag Italy}} 2,183,587
12 {{#invoke:flag Italy}} 3,446,469 {{#invoke:flag Turkey}} 3,227,873 {{#invoke:flag Turkey}} 2,627,527 Template:MEX 2,375,085 Template:MEX 2,564,439 Template:MEX 2,538,888 Template:MEX 2,464,263 Template:MEX 2,393,565 {{#invoke:flag Italy}} 2,225,429 {{#invoke:flag Italy}} 2,200,447 Template:MEX 2,088,045
13 Template:MEX 3,207,460 Template:MEX 2,972,064 Template:MEX 2,608,640 {{#invoke:flag Turkey}} 2,362,958 {{#invoke:flag Turkey}} 2,313,729 {{#invoke:flag Turkey}} 2,271,021 {{#invoke:flag Turkey}} 2,235,991 {{#invoke:flag Turkey}} 2,094,056 {{#invoke:flag Turkey}} 1,999,739 {{#invoke:flag Turkey}} 1,844,207 Template:KOR 1,737,910
14 Template:KOR 2,846,253 Template:KOR 2,706,619 Template:KOR 2,542,823 Template:KOR 2,360,461 Template:KOR 2,290,264 Template:KOR 2,229,385 Template:KOR 2,112,226 Template:KOR 2,034,378 Template:KOR 1,939,637 Template:KOR 1,801,276 Template:SAU 1,730,115
15 {{#invoke:flag Spain}} 2,535,604 Template:CAN 2,384,385 Template:CAN 2,114,747 {{#invoke:flag Spain}} 1,850,441 {{#invoke:flag Spain}} 2,065,307 {{#invoke:flag Spain}} 1,908,195 {{#invoke:flag Spain}} 1,843,464 {{#invoke:flag Spain}} 1,738,407 {{#invoke:flag Spain}} 1,621,469 Template:SAU 1,777,122 {{#invoke:flag Turkey}} 1,688,340

Gross national productEdit

Gross national product (GNP) is the market value of all the goods and services produced in one year by labor and property supplied by the citizens of a country. Unlike gross domestic product (GDP), which defines production based on the geographical location of production, GNP indicates allocated production based on location of ownership. In fact it calculates income by the location of ownership and residence, and so its name is also the less ambiguous gross national income.

GNP is an economic statistic that is equal to GDP plus any income earned by residents from overseas investments minus income earned within the domestic economy by overseas residents.

GNP does not distinguish between qualitative improvements in the state of the technical arts (e.g., increasing computer processing speeds), and quantitative increases in goods (e.g., number of computers produced), and considers both to be forms of "economic growth".<ref>Daly, Herman E. (1996), Beyond Growth. Beacon Press</ref>

When a country's capital or labour resources are employed outside its borders, or when a foreign firm is operating in its territory, GDP and GNP can produce different measures of total output. In 2009 for instance, the United States estimated its GDP at $14.119 trillion, and its GNP at $14.265 trillion.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The term gross national income (GNI) has gradually replaced the Gross national product (GNP) in international statistics.<ref name=nominal/><ref name=ppp/> While being conceptually identical, the precise calculation method has evolved at the same time as the name change.<ref name="Eurostat">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Use of GNPEdit

The United States used GNP as its primary measure of total economic activity until 1991, when it began to use GDP.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In making the switch, the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) noted both that GDP provided an easier comparison of other measures of economic activity in the United States and that "virtually all other countries have already adopted GDP as their primary measure of production".<ref name=announcement>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Many economists have questioned how meaningful GNP or GDP is as a measure of a nation's economic well-being, as it does not count most unpaid work and counts much economic activity that is unproductive or actually destructive.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

GNI vs GDPEdit

While GDP measures the market value of all final goods and services produced in a given country, GNI measures income generated by the country's citizens, regardless of the geographic location of the income. In many states, those two figures are close, as the difference between income received by the country versus payments made to the rest of the world is not significant. According to the World Bank, the GNI of the US in 2016 was 1.5% higher than GDP.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In developing countries, on the other hand, the difference might be significant due to a large amount of foreign aid and capital inflow. In 2016, the GNI<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> of Armenia was 4.45% higher than GDP.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Based on the OECD reports, in 2015 alone, Armenia has received a total of US$409 million development assistance. Over the past 25 years, USAID has provided more than one billion USD to improve the living of the people in Armenia. GNI equals GDP plus wages, salaries, and property income of the country's residents earned abroad that also constitutes the higher GNI figure. According to the UN report on migration from Armenia in 2015–17, every year around 15–20 thousand people leave Armenia permanently,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and roughly 47% of those are working migrants that leave the country to earn income and sustain the families left in Armenia. In 2016 Armenian residents received in a total of around $150 million remittances.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Armenia's GNI, measured in US dollars, amounted to US$13.5 billion in 2021, according to the National Statistical Office. This is an 8.23% increase over the prior year. GNI in USD terms in Armenia has historically ranged from a record high of US$13.8 billion in 2019 to a record low of US$1.06 billion in 1992. Regarding interest rates on GNI expressed in USD, Armenia is ranked 119th out of the 155 monitored nations.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Lists of GNI per capitaEdit

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

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