Guided bus
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Guided buses are buses capable of being steered by external means, usually on a dedicated track or roll way that excludes other traffic, permitting the maintenance of schedules even during rush hours. Unlike railbuses, trolleybuses or rubber-tyred trams, for part of their routes guided buses are able to share road space with general traffic along conventional roads, or with conventional buses on standard bus lanes. Guidance systems can be physical, such as kerbs or guide bars, or remote, such as optical or radio guidance.
A guided buses line can be categorised as bus rapid transit and may be articulated bus and bi-articulated bus, allowing more passengers, but not as many as light rail or trams, which are not constrained to a regulated maximum size in order to freely navigate public roads.
HistoryEdit
PrecursorsEdit
The kerb-guided bus (KGB) guidance mechanism is a development of the early flangeways, pre-dating railways. The Gloucester and Cheltenham Tramroad<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> of 1809 therefore has a claim to be the earliest guided busway. There were earlier flangeways, but they did not carry passengers.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> From 1861 to 1872 another system with one central grooved rail was used in the Manchester region.<ref name="TWI">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Modern examplesEdit
The first modern guided busway system was opened in 1980 in Essen, Germany. This was initially a demonstration track, but it was periodically expanded and is still in operation as of 2019.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The first guided busway in the United Kingdom was in Birmingham, the Tracline 65, Template:Convert long, experimentally in 1984.<ref>Tracline 65 Buses issue 357 December 1984 page 538</ref> It closed in 1987.<ref>Back on Track Bus & Coach Preservation December 2019 pages 12–14</ref>
Based on the experience in Essen, in 1986 the Government of South Australia opened the O-Bahn Busway in Adelaide.<ref>O-Bahn is open for business Truck & Bus Transportation March 1986 pages 40–43</ref><ref>Adelaide's O-Bahn Australian Bus Panorama issue 1/5 May 1986 pages 3–8</ref> This is a 12-kilometre guided busway with 2 interchanges along the route. (Klemzig Interchange & Paradise Interchange) before ending at Tee Tree Plaza Interchange.<ref>The Adelaide O-Bahn Busway Australian Bus issue 32 March 2009 pages 23–27</ref>
In Mannheim, Germany, from May 1992 to September 2005 a guided busway shared the tram alignment for a few hundred metres, which allowed buses to avoid a congested stretch of road where there was no space for an extra traffic lane. It was discontinued, as the majority of buses fitted with guide wheels were withdrawn for age reasons. There are no plans to convert newer buses.<ref name="Smiler 1998 f728">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Nagoya Guideway Bus opened in March 2001 and is the only guided bus line in Japan.
The Cambridgeshire Guided Busway between Cambridge and St Ives, at Template:Convert, is the world's longest guided busway.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Between 2004 and 2008, a Template:Convert section of guided busway was in operation between Stenhouse and Broomhouse in the west of Edinburgh. The route was later converted for use by Edinburgh trams.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Rubber-tyred trams and translohrEdit
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Rubber-tyred tramsEdit
Guided buses are to be distinguished from rubber-tyred systems that cannot run other than along a dedicated trackway, or under fixed overhead power lines.
Tram-like guided busway (rubber-tyred tram) systems include:
The first one is replaced with conventional trams and the other is being used as a trolleybus without the guide system.
TranslohrEdit
- Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Île-de-France tramway Line 5,
- Île-de-France tramway Line 6 in Paris, France.
- Shanghai, China
- Tianjin, China
- Medellín, Colombia
- Padua, Italy
- Venice-Mestre, Italy
Also called "trams on rubber tyres".
Autonomous Rail Rapid TransitEdit
Autonomous Rapid Transit (ART) is equipped with various optical and other types of sensors to allow the vehicle to automatically follow a route defined by a virtual track of markings on the roadway. A steering wheel also allows the driver to manually guide the vehicle, including around detours. Just like guided busway, electric buses use batteries to power their electric motors, and ebus combine elements of guided trolleybuses introduce new IMC (In Motion Charging) technology, and wireless charging technology from embedded coils in roadways to automated depot charging pads as for "opportunity charging" electric buses while they are on the road, typically at bus stops or terminals, rather than solely at the depot, electric road system, is a road that provides electric power to vehicles as they travel on it, guided bi-articulated bus system for urban passenger transport.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Zhuzhou ART, China
- Yibin ART, China
- Lingang DRT, China
Guidance systemsEdit
Optical guidanceEdit
Optical guidance relies on the principles of image processing. A camera in the front of the vehicle scans the bands of paint on the ground representing the reference path. The signals obtained by the camera are sent to an onboard computer, which combines them with dynamic parameters of the vehicle (speed, yaw rate, wheel angle). The calculator transmits commands to the guidance motor located on the steering column of the vehicle to control its path in line with that of the reference.
Optical guidance is a means of approaching light rail performance with a fast and economical set-up. It enables buses to have precision-docking capabilities as efficient as those of light rail and reduces dwell times, making it possible to drive the vehicle to a precise point on a platform according to an accurate and reliable trajectory. The distance between the door steps and the platform is optimized not to exceed Template:Convert. Level boarding is then possible, and there is no need to use a mobile ramp for people with mobility impairments.
Guided trolleybusEdit
The Optiguide system, an optical guidance device developed by Siemens Transportation Systems, has been in revenue service since 2001 in Rouen and Nîmes (only at stations), France, and has been fitted to trolleybuses in Castellon (Spain) since June 2008 and will be in service on buses in the cities of Bologna (Italy).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Autonomous rail rapid transitEdit
Another system was introduced in 2017. Called Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit (ART) and developed by CRRC, it uses optical systems to follow markers on a roadway. The ART system is frequently referred to as a "trackless tram" and occasionally as an "optically-guided bus".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Magnetic guidanceEdit
Other experimental systems have non-mechanical guidance, such as sensors or magnets buried in the roadway.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2004, Stagecoach Group signed a deal with Siemens to develop an optical guidance system for use in the United Kingdom.<ref name="optical">Template:Cite news</ref>
Two bus lines in Eindhoven, Netherlands, had used Phileas vehicles. Line 401 from Eindhoven station to Eindhoven Airport is Template:Convert long, consists largely of concrete bus lanes and has about 30 raised stop platforms. Line 402 from Eindhoven station to Veldhoven branches off from line 401 and adds another Template:Convert of bus lanes and about 13 stops.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Years before the last trip of a Phileas bus in 2016, the regional authority for urban transport in the Eindhoven region (SRE) decided to discontinue the use of magnetic guidance system. In 2014 the manufacturer, APTS, was declared bankrupt.
The Douai region in France is developing a public transport network using APTS Phileas technology and dedicated infrastructure. The length of the lines will be Template:Convert. The first stage is a line of Template:Convert from Douai via Guesnain to Lewarde, passing close to Waziers, Sin-le-Noble, Dechy and Lambres-lez-Douai. 39 stop platforms will be provided with an average distance between the stops of Template:Convert. A number of stops will be placed on the right-hand side of each lane. Central stops between both lanes will be placed at locations with limited space at the right side. This requires vehicle to have doors on both sides. The buses using Phileas technology were in use from 2008 to 2014.
On 3 November 2005, a licence and technology transfer agreement was signed between Advanced Public Transport Systems (APTS) and the Korea Railroad Research Institute (KRRI). KRRI was to develop the Korean version of Phileas vehicle by May 2011.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Since June 2013, 3 miles (1.5 miles each way) of the Emerald Express (EmX) BRT in Eugene, Oregon, has used magnetic guidance in revenue service on an especially curvy section of the route that also entails small radius S-curves required for docking. The driver controls braking and acceleration.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref>
Kerb guidanceEdit
On kerb-guided buses (KGB) small guide wheels attached to the bus engage vertical kerbs on either side of the guideway. These guide wheels push the steering mechanism of the bus, keeping it centralised on the track. Away from the guideway, the bus is steered in the normal way. The start of the guideway is funnelled from a wide track to guideway width. This system permits high-speed operation on a narrow guideway and precise positioning at boarding platforms, facilitating access for the elderly and disabled. As guide wheels can be inexpensively attached to, and removed from, almost any standard model of bus, kerb guided busway systems are not tied to particular specialised vehicles or equipment suppliers. Characteristically, operators contracted to run services on kerb-guided busways will purchase or lease the vehicles, as second-hand vehicles (with guide wheels removed) have a ready resale market.
The kerb-guided system maintains a narrow track while still enabling buses to pass one another at speed. Consequently, kerb-guided track can be fitted into former double-track rail alignments without the requirement for additional land-take that might have been necessary were a disused railway to be converted into a public highway. Examples include the Cambridgeshire Guided Busway and Leigh-Salford-Manchester Bus Rapid Transit; in both schemes, it has proved possible to provide space for a wide multi-user path for leisure use alongside the kerb-guided double track, all within the boundaries of the disused railway route. Both the Cambridgeshire and Leigh-Salford-Manchester schemes have reported greatly increased levels of patronage (both on the buses themselves and the adjacent paths), high levels of modal transfer of travellers from private car use, and high levels of passenger satisfaction.<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref>
System guided buswaysEdit
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Systems with conventional/modified buses:
GalleryEdit
- Crawley London Road A23 guided busway.JPG
Crawley London Road A23 guided busway.
- MB O 405 Mannheim 100 1727.jpg
Mannheim guided bus.
- Ipswich-UK-guided-busway2.jpg
The kerb guide wheel of a bus in Ipswich, UK
- VantageBus-NewearthRd-KerbGuidedBusStop-P1400524.jpg
A double-decker bus on the Leigh-Salford-Manchester BRT
- Obahn test track1.JPG
A section of track used for testing O-Bahn Busway buses
See alsoEdit
- Automated guideway transit
- Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit
- Bombardier Guided Light Transit
- Bus rapid transit
- Bus rapid transit creep
- Quality Bus Corridor
- Queue jump
- Dual-mode bus
- Guide rail
- Kassel kerb (Known as Kassel curb)
- Road–rail buses
- Road–rail vehicle
- Rubber-tyred metro
- Transit Elevated Bus
- Translohr
- Trolleybus
- Trackless train
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- Guided bus information and pictures
- Adelaide O-Bahn Template:Webarchive
- First Group guided busways
- Translohr official site
- Guided Light Transit official web site
- Cambridgeshire County Council's Guided Busway project
- "An Update on Curb Guided Bus Technology and Deployment Trends", Journal of Public transport 2006 BRT Special Edition (PDF 964Kb)
- University of Minnesota's ITS Institute "BRT Technologies: Assisting Drivers Operating Buses on Road Shoulders" Template:Webarchive
Template:Buses Template:Bus rapid transit Template:UK busway Template:Public transport