Guru Hargobind

Guru Hargobind (Gurmukhi: ਗੁਰੂ ਹਰਿਗੋਬਿੰਦ, pronunciation: {{#invoke:IPA|main}}l 19 June 1595 – 28 February 1644) was the sixth of ten Gurus of the Sikh religion. He had become Guru at the young age of eleven, after the execution of his father, Guru Arjan, by the Mughal emperor Jahangir.<ref name=hssyan>HS Syan (2013), Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century, IB Tauris, Template:ISBN, pages 48–55</ref>

Guru Hargobind introduced the process of militarization to Sikhism, likely as a response to his father's execution and to protect the Sikh community.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=britannicahargobind>Hargobind: Sikh Guru, Encyclopedia Britannica, Quote: "Guru Hargobind, sixth Sikh Guru, who developed a strong Sikh army and gave the Sikh religion its military character, in accord with the instructions of his father, Guru Arjan (1563–1606), the first Sikh martyr, who had been executed on the order of the Mughal emperor Jahangir."; "After Jahāngīr’s death (1627) the new Mughal emperor, Shāh Jahān, persecuted the Sikh community in earnest. The Sikhs under Hargobind Sahib defeated Shāh Jahān’s armies four times, crushing the myth of Mughal invincibility. To the Sikh ideals of his predecessor, Guru Hargobind thus added another: the right and duty of the Sikhs to defend their faith by the sword if necessary."</ref> He symbolized it by wearing two swords, representing the dual concept of mīrī and pīrī (temporal power and spiritual authority). In front of the Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar, Hargobind constructed the Akal Takht (the throne of the timeless one). The Akal Takht represents the highest seat of earthly authority of the Khalsa (the collective body of the Sikhs) today.

Early life

Guru Hargobind was born in Gurū kī Waḍālī, on 19th June of 1595, in a Sodhi Khatri family in a village Template:Convert west of Amritsar,<ref name=eos/><ref name=hssingha>HS Singha (2009), Sikh Studies, Book 7, Hemkunt Press, Template:ISBN, pages 18–19</ref> the only son of Guru Arjan, the fifth Sikh Guru. He suffered from smallpox as a child.<ref name=":14">Template:Cite book</ref>

According to Sikh hagiographies, Guru Hargobind survived two poisoning attempts by his uncle Prithi Chand and his wife, Karmo, as well as another attempt on his life, when a cobra was thrown at him by Prithi Chand.<ref name=":14" /> The first poisoning attempt involved Karmo dispatching her personal nurse to pretend to be interested in looking after the child Hargobind.<ref name=":14" /> However, the nurse placed poison around her nipple which was to harm Hargobind as he suckled her but the young boy refused to latch onto her and thus the nurse's plan failed and she became ill to the poison herself.<ref name=":14" /> The second poisoning plan involved a snake-charmer being sent by Prithi Chand and his wife to assassinate the young Hargobind by releasing a snake onto him but the young boy is said to have grabbed the snake in his hand by its head and squeezed it until it died.<ref name=":14" /> A third attempt on his life was by a Brahmin directed again by Prithi Chand and his wife, the Brahmin planned to blend poison with curd and feed the child Hargobind with it but when he attempted to do so, Hargobind knocked the curd out of the Brahmin's grasp and it fell onto the floor, where a dog - named Pista; then ate some of it and died as a result revealing its dangerous contents.<ref name=":14" /> The Brahmin then died of abdominal afflictions.<ref name=":14" />

Guru Hargobind studied religious texts with Bhai Gurdas and was trained in swordsmanship and archery by Baba Budda.<ref name="eos" /> He was also instructed on various languages, religious philosophy, astronomy, medicine, horse-riding, and administration.<ref name=":14" /> Hargobind spent a good deal of his early years engrossed in hymns being sung at the Harmandir Sahib complex in Amritsar.<ref name=":14" />

Guruship

On 25 May 1606, Guru Arjan, five days before his own death, selected his son Hargobind as his successor and instructed his son to start a military tradition to protect the Sikh people and always keep himself surrounded by armed Sikhs for protection.<ref name=pashaura/> Shortly afterwards, Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir.<ref name=pashaura>Pashaura Singh (2005), Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Template:Webarchive, Journal of Philosophical Society, 12(1), pp. 29–62</ref><ref>Louis E. Fenech, Martyrdom in the Sikh Tradition, Oxford University Press, pages 118–121</ref> Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606.<ref name=hssyan/><ref name=hssingha/> He put on two swords: one indicated his spiritual authority (pīrī) and the other, his temporal authority (mīrī).<ref name=hssyan/><ref name=mah>Template:Cite book</ref> He followed his martyred father's advice and always kept himself surrounded by armed Sikhs for protection. The number fifty-two was special in his life, and his retinue consisted of fifty-two armed men.<ref name=eos/> He thus founded the military tradition in the Sikh faith.<ref name=hssyan/><ref name=pashaura/>

Hargobind had three wives: Damodari, Nanaki, and Marvahi.<ref name=eos/><ref>Fenech and McLeod (2014), Historical Dictionary of Sikhism, 3rd Edition, Rowman & Littlefield, Template:ISBN, page 145</ref> He had children from three wives. Two of his eldest sons from the first wife died during his lifetime. Guru Tegh Bahadur, his son from Nanaki, became the ninth Sikh Guru.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Sodhis of Anandpur Sahib<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> are the descendants of Baba Suraj Mal Sodhi, one of Guru Hargobind's sons.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Guru was a martial artist (shastarvidyā); he encouraged people to maintain physical fitness and keep their bodies ready for physical combat. He had his own Darbar (court). The arming and training of some of his devoted followers began. The Guru came to possess seven hundred horses and his Risaldari (cavalry) grew to three hundred horsemen and sixty musketeers.<ref name=grewal62>Grewal, J.S. Sikh History from Persian Sources: Translations of Major Texts Template:ISBN, p. 62 "Guru Hargobind, son of Guru Arjan, ate meat and took to hunting. Most of their [the Guru's] followers adopted his practice."</ref>

Reforms

Guru Hargobind's reforms to the Sikh faith made long-lasting impacts.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> No longer were the Sikh gurus relegated to spiritual affairs but now they became engaged more deeply in temporal happenings, fusing both the spiritual and temporal spheres together, and furthermore had adopted "regal civility".<ref name=":0" /> Hardip Singh Syan explains that Guru Hargobind was able to push for these changes as he became a "patrimonial-feudal lord" by offering his followers and devotees both spiritual liberation (mukti) and employment (naukari).<ref name=":0" /> Prior to Hargobind, the Sikh court was popularly seen as offering service (seva) and grace (prasad).<ref name=":0" /> This shift did not go without controversy, with Bhai Gurdas recording in his writings the tensions within in the Sikh community at the time regarding these reforms, with Gurdas highlighting that keeping the guru as the main point of one's faith was key.<ref name=":0" />

The previous Gurus used to sit at one temple (dharmsal);
But this Guru [Hargobind] roams from place to place.
Kings (patisah) used to visit the homes of the previous Gurus;
But this Guru was imprisoned in the Emperor's fort.
The previous Gurus used to make congregations flourish;
But this Guru roams the land without any fear.
The previous Gurus used to sit on their beds and bestow contentment;
But this Guru keeps dogs for the hunt.
The previous Guru's used to listen, sing and explain;
But this Guru neither listens, nor sings or explains.
This Guru does not keep close to his servants (sevak);
Rather he gives favour to liars and evildoers.
[Gurdas' reply] The inherent truth (sach) cannot be concealed;
The disciples (Sikh) [knowing this] like bees adore the lotus feet.
The impatient are unknowingly being made to endure [these reforms].{{#if:Bhai Gurdaspage 57translated in 'Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century: Religious Violence in

Mughal and Early Modern India' by Hardip Singh Syal|{{#if:|}}

— {{#if:|, in }}Template:Comma separated entries

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Relations with other rulers

File:Guru Hargobind is released from Gwalior Fort by Jahangir's order.jpg

Guru Hargobind is released from Gwalior Fort by Jahangir's order

Guru Hargobind led the Sikh response against Mughal power after Guru Arjan's execution. He nominally accepted Shah Jahan's authority but resisted the Islamic persecution, fighting four wars against Shah Jahan's armies. His attempts to transform the Sikh community brought him in conflict with the Mughal authority.<ref name="britannicahargobind" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Jahangir

Along with the execution of Guru Arjan Dev by the Mughal Emperor Jahangir, Guru Hargobind from the very start was a dedicated enemy of the Mughal rule. He advised Sikhs to arm and fight the Mughals.<ref name="mah" /> The death of his father at the hands of Jahangir prompted him to emphasize the military dimension of the Sikh community. He symbolically wore two swords, which represented miri piri. He founded the Akal Sena, the first Sikh army. He built a fort to defend Ramdaspur and created a formal court, Akal Takht.<ref name="Phyllis2004">Template:Cite book</ref>

Jahangir responded by jailing the 14-year-old Guru Hargobind at Gwalior Fort in 1609, on the pretext that the fine imposed on Guru Arjan had not been paid by the Sikhs and Hargobind.<ref name="mandair48" /> It is not clear as to how much time he spent as a prisoner. The year of his release appears to have been either 1611 or 1612, when Hargobind was about 16 years old.<ref name="mandair48" /> Persian records, such as Dabestan-e Mazaheb suggest he was kept in jail for twelve years, including over 1617–1619 in Gwalior, after which he and his camp were kept under Mughal army's surveillance by Jahangir.<ref name="eos" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

It is unclear why he was released. Scholars suggest that Jahangir had more or less reverted to tolerant policies of Akbar by about 1611 after he felt secure about his throne, and the Sunnis and Naqshbandi court officials at the Mughal court had fallen out of his favour. Another theory states that Jahangir discovered the circumstances and felt that Guru Hargobind was harmless, so he ordered his release.<ref name="Phyllis2004" /><ref name="mandair48">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

According to Surjit Singh Gandhi, 52 rajas (kings) who were imprisoned in the fort as hostages for "millions of rupees" and for opposing the Mughal empire were dismayed as they were losing a spiritual mentor. Guru Hargobind requested the rajas to be freed along with him as well and stood surety for their loyal behavior. Jahangir ordered their release as well. Hargobind got a special gown stitched which had 52 hems. As Hargobind left the fort, the captive kings caught the hems of the cloak and came out along with him.<ref name="surjitgandhi">Template:Cite book</ref>

After his release, Guru Hargobind more discreetly strengthened the Sikh army and reconsolidated the Sikh community.<ref name="mandair48" /> His relations with Jahangir remained mostly friendly. He accompanied Jahangir to Kashmir and Rajputana and subdued Tara Chand of Nalagarh, who had continued for a long time in open rebellion and all efforts to subdue him had failed.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> During Jahangir's reign, Hargobind fought a battle against the Mughals at Rohilla. The battle was in response to the militarisation of the Sikhs. The Mughals who were led by Governor Abdul Khan were defeated by the Sikhs.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Shah Jahan

During the reign of Jahangir's son and successor Shah Jahan that started in 1627, relations became bitter again. Shah Jahan was intolerant. He destroyed the Sikh stepwell at Lahore.<ref>Sikhism Origin and Development By Dalbir Singh Dhillon, p121 "In the year A. D. 1632, Shah Jahan revived his religious policy and issued ... of his policy, the Gurdwara and a Baoli at Lahore was destroyed and a mosque was erected over its place"</ref> In 1628, Shah Jahan's hunting party plundered some of Guru Hargobind's property, which triggered the first armed conflict.<ref name="mandair49">Template:Cite book</ref>

Hargobind's army fought battles with the Mughal armies of Shah Jahan at Amritsar, Kartarpur and elsewhere. Hargobind defeated the Mughal troops near Amritsar in the Battle of Amritsar in 1634. A provincial detachment of Mughals again attacked the Guru, but the attackers were routed and their leaders slain.<ref name="cunn" /> Guru Hargobind also led his armies against the provincial Mughal governors.<ref name="cun">Template:Cite book</ref> The Guru anticipated the return of a more significant Mughal force, so retreated into Shivalik Hills to strengthen his defenses and army, with a base in Kiratpur where he continued to stay till his death.<ref name="mandair49" />

Painde Khan was appointed the leader of the provincial troops by Shah Jahan and marched upon the Guru. Hargobind was attacked, but he won this battle as well.<ref name="cunn">Template:Cite book</ref> He also fought the Battle of Kartarpur. Chandu Shah, who had ordered Guru Arjan's death, was killed through torture by the Sikhs of Guru Hargobind: a thick iron ring was put around his nose and he was dragged on the floor until the man who tortured Arjan, and had since become a Sikh, poured hot sand on him from the same ladle used on Arjan.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Guru Hargobind lost his eldest son Baba Gurditta in 1638. Shah Jahan attempted political means to undermine the Sikh tradition by dividing and influencing the succession.<ref name="mandair49" /> The Mughal ruler gave land grants to Gurditta's eldest son Dhir Mal, living in Kartarpur, and attempted to encourage Sikhs to recognise Dhir Mal as the rightful successor to Hargobind. Dhir Mal issued statements in favour of the Mughal state and critical of his grandfather. Hargobind died at Kiratpur, Rupnagar, Punjab, on 28 February 1644. Before his death, he rejected his eldest grandson Dhir Mal's politics and nominated Guru Har Rai (Dhir Mal's younger brother) instead to succeed him as the Guru.<ref name="mandair49" /> The pattern was repeated when Guru Har Rai chose his second son as his successor instead of his eldest son.

Samarth Ramdas and Guru Hargobind

File:Samarth ramdas & guru hargovindaji.jpg

Guru Hargobind and Samarth Ramdas

According to Sikh tradition based on an old Punjabi manuscript Panjah Sakhian, Samarth Ramdas met Guru Hargobind at Srinagar in the Garhval hills. The meeting, corroborated in a Marathi source, Ramdas's Bakhar, by Hanumant Swami, written in 1793, probably took place in the early 1630s during Samarth Ramdas's pilgrimage travels in the north and Hargobind's journey to Nanakmata in the east. It is said that as they came face to face with each other, Hargobind had just returned from a hunting excursion. He was fully armed and rode a horse. "I had heard that you occupied the Gaddi of Guru Nanak", said the Maratha saint Ramdas, and asked what sort of sadhu was he. Hargobind replied, "Internally a hermit, and externally a prince. Arms mean protection to the poor and destruction of the tyrant. Guru Nanak had not renounced the world but had renounced Maya".<ref name="sangat">Template:Cite book</ref>

Death

He nominated his grandson to succeed him as the seventh Guru Har Rai. He died in 1644 at Kiratpur Sahib, a town on the banks of the River Sutlej, and was cremated on the banks of the river, where now stands Gurdwara Patalpuri Sahib.<ref name="eos" />

Birth year

Whilst 1595 is the commonly accepted birth year of the guru, some authors and sources, such as Kesar Singh Chhibar and the Bhat Vahis, record his year of birth as being 1590.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Sectarian views

Guru Hargobind's reforms also had an impact on the Minas, a sect that rose to become a major opponent of the mainstream lineage of Sikh gurus.<ref name=":0" /> Prior to Guru Hargobind's reign, the Mina literature emulated the writings and appearances of the previous five gurus in-style, whilst portraying themselves as spiritually superior.<ref name=":0" /> However, Guru Hargobind conducted himself very different from the previous gurus, thus the Minas were not able to emulate his ethos, and therefore relegated to keep mirroring the environment of the pre-Guru Hargobind Sikh court.<ref name=":0" /> Therefore, the Minas attempted to portray themselves as being the preservers of the original bhakti of the Sikh faith, whilst portraying as a result that Guru Hargobind had somehow deviated from the path of original Sikh values and sociopolitical thought.<ref name=":0" />

Battles and skirmishes

1. Battle of Sangrana (1628)
2. Battle of Rohilla (1630)
3. Battle of Amritsar (1634)
4. Battle of Lahira, 1634
5. Battle for Maham
6. Battle of Padiala
7. Battle of Kiratpur
8. Battle of Kartarpur, 1635
9. Battle of Phagwara, 1635<ref name="Harbans Kaur Sagoo">Template:Cite book</ref>

Popular culture

The animated Punjabi movie Dastaan-E-Miri Piri is about Guru Hargobind and his contribution to the Sikh faith and community.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The life story and teachings of Guru Hargobind influenced the 2023 season theme and artwork of the Dallas Cowboys football team.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Gallery

• Guru Arjan with a young Hargobind.jpg

  Guru Arjan (seated, middle) with a young Hargobind (left).

• Guru Hargobind depicted alongside Ani Rai and Atal Rai.jpg

  Guru Hargobind depicted alongside Ani Rai and Atal Rai.

• Contemporary equestrian painting of Guru Hargobind with an orange-coloured backdrop, held in the collection of the Sodhi family of Kartarpur, circa mid-17th century.jpg

  Guru Hargobind out riding.

• Painting of Bhai Rupa Chand and Guru Hargobind seated together, circa mid-17th century.jpg

  Bhai Rupa Chand (right) with Guru Hargobind (left).

• Fresco artwork of Guru Hargobind.jpg

  Fresco artwork of Guru Hargobind (seated).

• Ancient Painting of Guru Hargobind Sahib ji.jpg

  Ancient Painting of Guru Hargobind

• Painting of Guru Hargobind seated against a bolster whilst holding a bird of prey, kept in the Bhai Rupa Chand collection.jpg

  Mid-17th century portrait of Guru Hargobind holding a bird of prey

See also

• Mata Kaulan
• Akal Sena
• Dilbagh and Gulbagh

Further reading

• Dr Harjinder Singh Dilgeer (2012), SIKH HISTORY in 10 volumes, Sikh University Press.

External links

• Guru Hargobind (archived)