Guy Fawkes
Template:Short description Template:About Template:Featured article Template:Pp-semi-indef Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Bots Template:Infobox gunpowder plot Guy Fawkes (Template:IPAc-en; 13 April 1570 – 31 January 1606),Template:Efn also known as Guido Fawkes while fighting for the Spanish, was a member of a group of provincial English Catholics involved in the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605. He was born and educated in York; his father died when Fawkes was eight years old, after which his mother married a recusant Catholic.
Fawkes converted to Catholicism and left for mainland Europe, where he fought for Catholic Spain in the Eighty Years' War against Protestant Dutch reformers in the Low Countries. He travelled to Spain to seek support for a Catholic rebellion in England without success. He later met Thomas Wintour, with whom he returned to England. Wintour introduced him to Robert Catesby, who planned to assassinate Template:Nowrap and restore a Catholic monarch to the throne. The plotters leased an undercroft beneath the House of Lords; Fawkes was placed in charge of the gunpowder that they stockpiled there. The authorities were prompted by an anonymous letter to search Westminster Palace during the early hours of 5 November, and they found Fawkes guarding the explosives. He was questioned and tortured over the next few days and confessed to wanting to blow up the House of Lords.
Fawkes was sentenced to be hanged, drawn and quartered. However, at his execution on 31 January, he died when his neck was broken as he was hanged, with some sources claiming that he deliberately jumped to make this happen; he thus avoided the agony of his sentence. He became synonymous with the Gunpowder Plot, the failure of which has been commemorated in the UK as Guy Fawkes Night since 5 November 1605, when his effigy is traditionally burned on a bonfire, commonly accompanied by fireworks.
Early lifeEdit
ChildhoodEdit
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Guy Fawkes was born in 1570 in Stonegate, York. He was the second of four children born to Edward Fawkes, a proctor and an advocate of the consistory court at York,Template:Efn and his wife, Edith.Template:Efn Guy's parents were regular communicants of the Church of England, as were his paternal grandparents; his grandmother, born Ellen Harrington, was the daughter of a prominent merchant, who served as Lord Mayor of York in 1536.<ref>"Fawkes, Guy" in The Dictionary of National Biography, Leslie Stephen, ed., Oxford University Press, London (1921–1922).</ref> Guy's mother's family were recusant Catholics, and his cousin, Richard Cowling, became a Jesuit priest.<ref name="Fraser 2005 84">Template:Harvnb</ref> Guy was an uncommon name in England, but may have been popular in York on account of a local notable, Sir Guy Fairfax of Steeton.<ref name="Sharpep48">Template:Harvnb</ref>
The date of Fawkes's birth is unknown, but he was baptised in the church of St Michael le Belfrey, York on 16 April. As the customary gap between birth and baptism was three days, he was probably born about 13 April.<ref name="Fraser 2005 84"/> In 1568, Edith had given birth to a daughter named Anne, but the child died aged about seven weeks, in November that year. She bore two more children after Guy: Anne (b. 1572), and Elizabeth (b. 1575). Both were married, in 1599 and 1594, respectively.<ref name="Sharpep48"/>Template:Sfn
In 1579, when Guy was eight years old, his father died. His mother remarried several years later, to the Catholic Dionis Baynbrigge (or Denis Bainbridge) of Scotton, Harrogate. Fawkes may have become a Catholic through the Baynbrigge family's recusant tendencies, and also the Catholic branches of the Pulleyn and Percy families of Scotton,Template:Sfn but also from his time at St. Peter's School in York. A governor of the school had spent about 20 years in prison for recusancy, and its headmaster, John Pulleyn, came from a family of noted Yorkshire recusants, the Pulleyns of Blubberhouses. In her 1915 work The Pulleynes of Yorkshire, author Catharine Pullein suggested that Fawkes's Catholic education came from his Harrington relatives, who were known for harbouring priests, one of whom later accompanied Fawkes to Flanders in 1592–93.<ref name="Herber"/> Fawkes's fellow students included John Wright and his brother Christopher (both later involved with Fawkes in the Gunpowder Plot) and Oswald Tesimond, Edward Oldcorne and Robert Middleton, who became priests (the latter executed in 1601).Template:Sfn
After leaving school Fawkes entered the service of Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montagu. The Viscount took a dislike to Fawkes and after a short time dismissed him; he was subsequently employed by Anthony-Maria Browne, 2nd Viscount Montagu, who succeeded his grandfather at the age of 18.Template:Sfn At least one source claims that Fawkes married and had a son, but no known contemporary accounts confirm this.<ref name="Fraserp86">Template:Harvnb</ref>Template:Efn
Military careerEdit
In October 1591 Fawkes sold the estate in Clifton in York that he had inherited from his father.Template:Efn He travelled to the continent to fight in the Eighty Years' War for Catholic Spain against the new Dutch Republic and, from 1595 until the Peace of Vervins in 1598, France. Although England was not by then engaged in land operations against Spain, the two countries were still at war, and the attempted invasion of England, led by the Spanish Armada in 1588, was only five years in the past. He joined Sir William Stanley, an English Catholic and veteran commander in his mid-forties who had raised an army in Ireland to fight in Leicester's expedition to the Netherlands. Stanley had been held in high regard by Elizabeth I, but following his surrender of Deventer to the Spanish in 1587 he, and most of his troops, had switched sides to serve Spain. Fawkes became an {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or junior officer, fought well at the siege of Calais in 1596, and by 1603 had been recommended for a captaincy.<ref name="ODNB Fawkes">Template:Citation Template:ODNBsub</ref> That year, he travelled to Spain to seek support for a Catholic rebellion in England. He used the occasion to adopt the Italian version of his name, Guido, and in his memorandum described James I (who became king of England that year) as "a heretic", who intended "to have all of the Papist sect driven out of England". He denounced Scotland, and the king's favourites among the Scottish nobles, writing "it will not be possible to reconcile these two nations, as they are, for very long".Template:Sfn Although he was received politely, the court of Philip III was unwilling to offer him any support.Template:Sfn
Gunpowder PlotEdit
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In 1604 Fawkes became involved with a small group of English Catholics, led by Robert Catesby, who planned to assassinate the Protestant King James and replace him with his daughter, third in the line of succession, Princess Elizabeth.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Fawkes was described by the Jesuit priest and former school friend Oswald Tesimond as "pleasant of approach and cheerful of manner, opposed to quarrels and strife ... loyal to his friends". Tesimond also claimed Fawkes was "a man highly skilled in matters of war", and that it was this mixture of piety and professionalism that endeared him to his fellow conspirators.<ref name="ODNB Fawkes"/> The author Antonia Fraser describes Fawkes as "a tall, powerfully built man, with thick reddish-brown hair, a flowing moustache in the tradition of the time, and a bushy reddish-brown beard", and that he was "a man of action ... capable of intelligent argument as well as physical endurance, somewhat to the surprise of his enemies."<ref name="Fraser 2005 84"/>
The first meeting of the five central conspirators took place on Sunday 20 May 1604, at an inn called the Duck and Drake, in the fashionable Strand district of London.Template:Efn Catesby had already proposed at an earlier meeting with Thomas Wintour and John Wright to kill the king and his government by blowing up "the Parliament House with gunpowder". Wintour, who at first objected to the plan, was convinced by Catesby to travel to the continent to seek help. Wintour met with the Constable of Castile, the exiled Welsh spy Hugh Owen,Template:Sfn and Sir William Stanley, who said that Catesby would receive no support from Spain. Owen did, however, introduce Wintour to Fawkes, who had by then been away from England for many years, and thus was largely unknown in the country. Wintour and Fawkes were contemporaries; each was militant, and had first-hand experience of the unwillingness of the Spaniards to help. Wintour told Fawkes of their plan to "doe some whatt in Ingland if the pece with Spaine healped us nott",<ref name="ODNB Fawkes"/> and thus in April 1604 the two men returned to England.<ref name="Fraserpp117119"/> Wintour's news did not surprise Catesby; despite positive noises from the Spanish authorities, he feared that "the deeds would nott answere".Template:Efn
One of the conspirators, Thomas Percy, was appointed a Gentleman Pensioner in June 1604, gaining access to a house in London that belonged to John Whynniard, Keeper of the King's Wardrobe. Fawkes was installed as a caretaker and began using the pseudonym John Johnson, servant to Percy.Template:Sfn The contemporaneous account of the prosecution (taken from Thomas Wintour's confession)<ref name="ODNB Thomas Wintour">Template:Citation Template:ODNBsub</ref> claimed that the conspirators attempted to dig a tunnel from beneath Whynniard's house to Parliament, although this story may have been a government fabrication; no evidence for the existence of a tunnel was presented by the prosecution, and no trace of one has ever been found; Fawkes himself did not admit the existence of such a scheme until his fifth interrogation, but even then he could not locate the tunnel.Template:Sfn If the story is true, however, by December 1604 the conspirators were busy tunnelling from their rented house to the House of Lords. They ceased their efforts when, during tunnelling, they heard a noise from above. Fawkes was sent out to investigate, and returned with the news that the tenant's widow was clearing out a nearby undercroft, directly beneath the House of Lords.<ref name="ODNB Fawkes"/>Template:Sfn
The plotters purchased the lease to the room, which also belonged to John Whynniard. Unused and filthy, it was considered an ideal hiding place for the gunpowder the plotters planned to store.Template:Sfn According to Fawkes, twenty barrels of gunpowder were brought in at first, followed by sixteen more on 20 July.<ref name="Fraserpp146147">Template:Harvnb</ref> On 28 July, however, the ever-present threat of the plague delayed the opening of Parliament until Tuesday, 5 November.Template:Sfn
OverseasEdit
In an attempt to gain foreign support, in May 1605 Fawkes travelled overseas and informed Hugh Owen of the plotters' plan.Template:Sfn At some point during this trip his name made its way into the files of Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, who employed a network of spies across Europe. One of these spies, Captain William Turner, may have been responsible. Although the information he provided to Salisbury usually amounted to no more than a vague pattern of invasion reports, and included nothing which regarded the Gunpowder Plot, on 21 April he told how Fawkes was to be brought by Tesimond to England. Fawkes was a well-known Flemish mercenary, and would be introduced to "Mr Catesby" and "honourable friends of the nobility and others who would have arms and horses in readiness".Template:Sfn Turner's report did not, however, mention Fawkes's pseudonym in England, John Johnson, and did not reach Cecil until late in November, well after the plot had been discovered.<ref name="ODNB Fawkes"/>Template:Sfn
It is uncertain when Fawkes returned to England, but he was back in London by late August 1605, when he and Wintour discovered that the gunpowder stored in the undercroft had decayed. More gunpowder was brought into the room, along with firewood to conceal it.Template:Sfn Fawkes's final role in the plot was settled during a series of meetings in October. He was to light the fuse and then escape across the Thames. Simultaneously, a revolt in the Midlands would help to ensure the capture of Princess Elizabeth. Acts of regicide were frowned upon, and Fawkes would therefore head to the continent, where he would explain to the Catholic powers his holy duty to kill the king and his retinue.<ref name="Fraser 1999 178–179">Template:Harvnb</ref>
DiscoveryEdit
A few of the conspirators were concerned about fellow Catholics who would be present at Parliament during the opening.Template:Sfn On the evening of 26 October, Lord Monteagle received an anonymous letter warning him to stay away, and to "retyre youre self into yowre contee whence yow maye expect the event in safti for ... they shall receyve a terrible blowe this parleament".Template:Sfn Despite quickly becoming aware of the letter—informed by one of Monteagle's servants—the conspirators resolved to continue with their plans, as it appeared that it "was clearly thought to be a hoax".Template:Sfn Fawkes checked the undercroft on 30 October, and reported that nothing had been disturbed.Template:Sfn Monteagle's suspicions had been aroused, however, and the letter was shown to King James. The king ordered Sir Thomas Knyvet to conduct a search of the cellars underneath Parliament, which he did in the early hours of 5 November. Fawkes had taken up his station late on the previous night, armed with a slow match and a watch given to him by Percy "becaus he should knowe howe the time went away".<ref name="ODNB Fawkes"/> He was found leaving the cellar, shortly after midnight, and arrested. Inside, the barrels of gunpowder were discovered hidden under piles of firewood and coal.Template:Sfn
TortureEdit
Fawkes gave his name as John Johnson and was first interrogated by members of the king's Privy chamber, where he remained defiant.<ref name="NorthcoteParkinsonpp9192">Template:Harvnb</ref> When asked by one of the lords what he was doing in possession of so much gunpowder, Fawkes answered that his intention was "to blow you Scotch beggars back to your native mountains."Template:Sfn He identified himself as a 36-year-old Catholic from Netherdale in Yorkshire, and gave his father's name as Thomas and his mother's as Edith Jackson. Wounds on his body noted by his questioners he explained as the effects of pleurisy. Fawkes admitted his intention to blow up the House of Lords, and expressed regret at his failure to do so. His steadfast manner impressed King James, who described Fawkes as possessing "a Roman resolution".Template:Sfn
James's respect did not, however, prevent him from ordering on 6 November that "John Johnson" be tortured, to reveal the names of his co-conspirators.Template:Sfn He directed that the torture be light at first, referring to the use of manacles, but more severe if necessary, authorising the use of the rack: "the gentler Tortures are to be first used unto him {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} [and so by degrees proceeding to the worst]".<ref name="NorthcoteParkinsonpp9192"/>Template:Sfn Fawkes was transferred to the Tower of London. The king composed a list of questions to be put to "Johnson", such as "as to what he is, For I can never yet hear of any man that knows him", "When and where he learned to speak French?", and "If he was a Papist, who brought him up in it?"Template:Sfn The room in which Fawkes was interrogated subsequently became known as the Guy Fawkes Room.Template:Sfn
Sir William Waad, Lieutenant of the Tower, supervised the torture and obtained Fawkes's confession.<ref name="NorthcoteParkinsonpp9192"/> He searched his prisoner, and found a letter addressed to Guy Fawkes. To Waad's surprise, "Johnson" remained silent, revealing nothing about the plot or its authors.Template:Sfn On the night of 6 November he spoke with Waad, who reported to Salisbury "He [Johnson] told us that since he undertook this action he did every day pray to God he might perform that which might be for the advancement of the Catholic Faith and saving his own soul". According to Waad, Fawkes managed to rest through the night, despite his being warned that he would be interrogated until "I had gotton the inwards secret of his thoughts and all his complices".Template:Sfn His composure was broken at some point during the following day.Template:Sfn
The observer Sir Edward Hoby remarked "Since Johnson's being in the Tower, he beginneth to speak English". Fawkes revealed his true identity on 7 November, and told his interrogators that there were five people involved in the plot to kill the king. He began to reveal their names on 8 November, and told how they intended to place Princess Elizabeth on the throne. His third confession, on 9 November, implicated Francis Tresham. Following the Ridolfi plot of 1571, prisoners were made to dictate their confessions, before copying and signing them, if they still could.Template:Sfn Although it is uncertain if he was tortured on the rack, Fawkes's scrawled signature suggests the suffering he endured at the hands of his interrogators.Template:Sfn
Trial and executionEdit
The trial of eight of the plotters began on Monday 27 January 1606. Fawkes shared the barge from the Tower to Westminster Hall with seven of his co-conspirators.Template:Efn They were kept in the Star Chamber before being taken to Westminster Hall, where they were displayed on a purpose-built scaffold. The king and his close family, watching in secret, were among the spectators as the Lords Commissioners read out the list of charges. Fawkes was identified as Guido Fawkes, "otherwise called Guido Johnson". He pleaded not guilty, despite his apparent acceptance of guilt from the moment he was captured.Template:Sfn
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The jury found all the defendants guilty, and the Lord Chief Justice Sir John Popham pronounced them guilty of high treason.Template:Sfn The Attorney General Sir Edward Coke told the court that each of the condemned would be drawn backwards to his death, by a horse, his head near the ground. They were to be "put to death halfway between heaven and earth as unworthy of both". Their genitals would be cut off and burnt before their eyes, and their bowels and hearts removed. They would then be decapitated, and the dismembered parts of their bodies displayed so that they might become "prey for the fowls of the air".<ref name="Fraserpp266269">Template:Harvnb</ref> Fawkes's and Tresham's testimony regarding the Spanish treason was read aloud, as well as confessions related specifically to the Gunpowder Plot. The last piece of evidence offered was a conversation between Fawkes and Wintour, who had been kept in adjacent cells. The two men apparently thought they had been speaking in private, but their conversation was intercepted by a government spy. When the prisoners were allowed to speak, Fawkes explained his not guilty plea as ignorance of certain aspects of the indictment.Template:Sfn
On 31 January 1606, Fawkes and three others—Thomas Wintour, Ambrose Rookwood and Robert Keyes—were dragged from the Tower on wattled hurdles to the Old Palace Yard at Westminster, opposite the building they had attempted to destroy.Template:Sfn His fellow plotters were then hanged and quartered. Fawkes was the last to stand on the scaffold. He asked for forgiveness of the king and state, while keeping up his "crosses and idle ceremonies" (Catholic practices). Weakened by torture and aided by the hangman, Fawkes began to climb the ladder to the noose, but either through jumping to his death or climbing too high so the rope was incorrectly set, he managed to avoid the agony of the latter part of his execution by breaking his neck.<ref name="NorthcoteParkinsonpp9192"/>Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn His lifeless body was nevertheless quarteredTemplate:Sfn and, as was the custom,Template:Sfn his body parts were then distributed to "the four corners of the kingdom", to be displayed as a warning to other would-be traitors.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
LegacyEdit
On 5 November 1605, Londoners were encouraged to celebrate the king's escape from assassination by lighting bonfires, provided that "this testemonye of joy be carefull done without any danger or disorder".<ref name="ODNB Fawkes"/> An Act of Parliament designated each 5 November as a day of thanksgiving for "the joyful day of deliverance", and remained in force until 1859.<ref name="factsheet">Template:Citation</ref> Fawkes was one of 13 conspirators, but he is the individual most associated with the plot.Template:Sfn
In Britain, 5 November has variously been called Guy Fawkes Night, Guy Fawkes Day, Plot Night,Template:Sfn and Bonfire Night (which can be traced directly back to the original celebration of 5 November 1605).Template:Sfn Bonfires were accompanied by fireworks from the 1650s onwards, and it became the custom after 1673 to burn an effigy (usually of the pope) when heir presumptive James, Duke of York, converted to Catholicism.<ref name="ODNB Fawkes"/> Effigies of other notable figures have found their way onto the bonfires, such as Paul Kruger, Margaret Thatcher,Template:Sfn Liz Truss, Rishi Sunak and Vladimir Putin.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> The "guy" is normally created by children from old clothes, newspapers, and a mask.<ref name="factsheet"/> During the 19th century, "guy" came to mean an oddly dressed person, while in many places it has lost any pejorative connotation and instead refers to any male person and the plural form can refer to people of any gender (as in "you guys").<ref name="factsheet"/><ref name="mw">Template:Citation, entry "guy"</ref>
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James Sharpe, professor of history at the University of York, has described how Guy Fawkes came to be toasted as "the last man to enter Parliament with honest intentions".Template:Sfn William Harrison Ainsworth's 1841 historical romance Guy Fawkes; or, The Gunpowder Treason portrays Fawkes in a generally sympathetic light and his novel transformed Fawkes in the public perception into an "acceptable fictional character".<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Fawkes subsequently appeared as "essentially an action hero" in children's books and penny dreadfuls such as The Boyhood Days of Guy Fawkes; or, The Conspirators of Old London, published around 1905.<ref name=Sharpe128>Template:Harvnb</ref> According to the historian Lewis Call, Fawkes is now "a major icon in modern political culture", whose face has become "a potentially powerful instrument for the articulation of postmodern anarchism" in the late 20th century.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Fawkes is regarded by some as a martyr, political rebel<ref name="Nilsen1">Template:Cite book</ref> or freedom-fighter, especially amongst a minority of Catholics in the United Kingdom.<ref name="guardian1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ReferencesEdit
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