HMS Thunderer (1872)
Template:Short description Template:Other ships Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Template:Good article
Template:Infobox ship imageTemplate:Infobox ship careerTemplate:Infobox ship characteristicsHMS Thunderer was one of two Template:Sclass turret ships built for the Royal Navy in the 1870s. She suffered two serious accidents before the decade was out and gained a reputation as an unlucky ship for several years afterward. The ship was assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet in 1878 and was reduced to reserve in 1881 before being recommissioned in 1885. Thunderer returned home in 1887 and was again placed in reserve. She rejoined the Mediterranean Fleet in 1891, but was forced to return to the UK by boiler problems the following year. The ship became a coast guard ship in Wales in 1895 and was again placed in reserve in 1900. Thunderer was taken out of service in 1907 and sold for scrap in 1909.
Background and descriptionEdit
The Devastation class was designed as an enlarged, ocean-going, version of the earlier Template:Sclass.<ref>Gardiner, pp. 81–82</ref> The ships had a length between perpendiculars of Template:Convert and were Template:Convert long overall. They had a beam of Template:Convert, and a draught of Template:Convert. The Devastation-class ships displaced Template:Convert. Their crew consisted of 358 officers and ratings. They proved to be steady gun platforms and good seaboats, albeit quite wet forward. Their low forecastle caused them problems with head seas and limited their speed in such conditions.<ref name=ck0>Chesneau & Kolesnik, p. 23</ref>
Thunderer had two Humphry & Tennant two-cylinder horizontal direct-acting steam engines using steam provided by eight rectangular boilers; each engine driving a single propeller. The engines were designed to produce a total of Template:Convert for a speed of Template:Convert,<ref name=b2>Burt, p. 12</ref> but Thunderer reached a maximum speed of Template:Convert from Template:Convert during her sea trials.<ref>Parkes, p. 200</ref> The ship carried a maximum of Template:Convert of coal, enough to steam Template:Convert at Template:Convert.<ref name=b2/>
The Devastation class was armed with four [[RML 12 inch 35 ton gun|RML Template:Convert]] rifled muzzle-loading guns, one pair in each of the gun turrets positioned fore and aft of the superstructure. Shortly after completion, ThundererTemplate:'s forward turret's weapons were replaced by more powerful [[RML 12.5 inch 38 ton gun|RML Template:Convert guns]].<ref name=p8>Parkes, p. 198</ref><ref>Hodges, p. 13</ref>{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Fix }}
While both gun turrets were rotated by steam power, the new forward guns were loaded by hydraulic power, unlike the original guns which were hand worked. Thunderer was the first ship to have hydraulic loading gear.<ref>Parkes, pp. 195–96</ref> From 1874, the forward turret alone was converted to hydraulic power operation for training (turret traverse), elevation and ramming. This allowed the turret crew to be reduced from 48 to 28; the aft turret remaining hand-worked as a comparison.<ref>Hodges, p. 19</ref> Power operation was considered successful, although it was later implicated in the 1879 explosion.<ref name="Engineer, 1879" />
The Devastation-class ships had a complete wrought iron waterline armour belt that was 12 inches thick amidships and tapered to Template:Convert outside the armoured citadel towards the ends of the ship. The armour plates were tapered to a thickness of Template:Convert at their bottom edges respectively and they extended from the upper deck to Template:Convert below the waterline. The armoured citadel protected the bases of the gun turrets, the funnel uptakes and the crew's quarters. The sides of the citadel were 12 inches thick around the bases of the turrets and 10 inches thick elsewhere. The turrets were protected by two Template:Convert plates, separated by a layer of teak with the turret face having the thicker armour.<ref>Parkes, pp. 195, 199</ref> The magazine were protected by a 6-inch forward bulkhead and a Template:Convert one aft. The conning tower ranged in thickness from 9 to 6 inches. The ships had a complete Template:Convert upper deck that was reinforced by another Template:Convert thick inside the citadel.<ref name=ck0/>
Construction and careerEdit
Thunderer, the fifth ship of her name to serve in the Royal Navy,<ref>Colledge, p. 351</ref> was laid down on 26 June 1869 at Pembroke Dockyard, Wales.<ref>Silverstone, p. 272</ref> Construction was subsequently halted for a time in 1871 to modify the ship to improve her stability and buoyancy by extending the breastwork to cover the full width of the hull which increased the ship's freeboard amidships and provided additional accommodation for the crew.<ref name=ck0/> The ship was launched on 25 March 1872 by Mrs. Mary Meyrick, wife of Thomas Meyrick, MP. Two years later she was transferred to Portsmouth Dockyard to finish fitting out.<ref name=p6>Phillips, pp. 199–201</ref>
On 14 July 1876, Thunderer suffered a disastrous boiler explosion which killed 45 people. One of her boilers burst as she proceeded from Portsmouth Harbour to Stokes Bay to carry out a full-power trial. The explosion killed 15 people instantly, including her commanding officer; around 70 others were injured, of whom 30 later died. This was the Royal Navy's most deadly boiler explosion through the whole century. A model representing the failed boiler was made and is now in the Science Museum, London.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The explosion was caused because a pressure gauge was broken and the safety valve had corroded in place. When the steam stop valve to the engines was closed, pressure in the boiler rose and could not be released.<ref>McEwen, pp. 182–84</ref> The four box boilers were the last in service in the Navy and operated at what would even then would have been considered a relatively low pressure, for more modern boilers, of Template:Cvt. The boiler was repaired and the ship was completed on 26 May 1877 at a cost of £368,428.<ref>Parkes, p. 195</ref>
Thunderer was commissioned in May 1877 for service with the Reserve Fleet Particular Service Squadron and was then assigned to the Channel Squadron. During this time, she was fitted with experimental Template:Convert torpedoes.<ref name=p2>Parkes, p. 202</ref> She sailed for the Mediterranean in 1878 under the command of Captain Alfred Chatfield.<ref>Phillips, p. 202</ref> Leaving Gibraltar for Malta in November 1878, Thunderer ran aground and was damaged. She was refloated and resumed her voyage. She was repaired at Malta.<ref name=LM121178>Template:Cite news</ref>
The ship suffered another serious accident on 2 January 1879,<ref name=AJ040179>Template:Cite news</ref> when the left 12-inch 38 ton gun in the forward turret exploded during gunnery practice in the Sea of Marmora, killing 11 and injuring a further 35. The muzzle-loading gun had been double-loaded following a misfire. According to Admiral of the Fleet E.H Seymour,
"Both turret guns were being fired simultaneously, and evidently one did not go off. It may seem hard to believe such a thing could happen and not be noticed, but from my own experience I understand it. The men in the turret often stopped their ears, and perhaps their eyes, at the moment of firing, and then instantly worked the run-in levers, and did not notice how much the guns had recoiled. This no doubt occurred. Both guns were at once reloaded, and the rammer's indicator, working by machinery, set fast and failed to show how far the new charge had gone."<ref name="Parkes, p.198">Parkes, p.198</ref>
The accident contributed to the Royal Navy changing to breech-loading guns, which could be more conveniently worked from inside the turrets.<ref>Gardiner, p. 98</ref><ref name="Parkes, p.198"/> The fragments of the destroyed gun were re-assembled and displayed to the public at the Woolwich Arsenal. The committee of inquiry decided that the gun had been double-loaded, but this view was widely questioned, including by Sir William Palliser, designer of the Palliser shell used by these guns. Palliser's view instead was that the shot had been obstructed by a portion of the millboard disc rammed above the shell. Hydraulic power-ramming was thought to be implicated in the double loading as the telescopic hydraulic rammer had not made the double loading obvious, as a manual ramrod would have done. One piece of evidence supporting the double loading theory was the presence of an additional stud torn from a Palliser shell, found amongst the wreckage within the turret.<ref name="Engineer, 1879" >Template:Cite journal</ref> She was repaired at Malta.<ref name=GH180179>Template:Cite news</ref> Thunderer was then regarded as an unlucky ship and was placed in reserve at Malta in 1881 and had her machinery overhauled. Her armament was augmented with a pair of Template:Convert torpedo launchers and a half-dozen 1-inch (25 mm) Nordenfelt guns on the hurricane deck. She was recommissioned in 1885 and remained with the Mediterranean Fleet until she was paid off at Chatham Dockyard.<ref name=p5 >Parkes, pp. 201–02</ref> The future King George V served aboard Thunderer in 1885–86.<ref>Phillips, p. 208</ref>
The ship was assigned to the Portsmouth Reserve in January 1888 before beginning a major modernisation the following year. Her guns were replaced by four breech-loading 10-inch guns.<ref name=p5/> To improve her defence against torpedo boats, her Nordenfelt guns were replaced by six quick-firing (QF) [[QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss|6-pounder Template:Convert]] and eight [[QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss|QF 3-pounder Template:Convert]] Hotchkiss guns. ThundererTemplate:'s machinery was replaced by inverted triple-expansion steam engines and cylindrical boilers. Their increased output of Template:Convert increased her speed to Template:Convert and their more economical consumption of coal allowed the coal storage to be reduced to Template:Convert.<ref>Parkes, p. 201</ref>
The ship rejoined the Mediterranean Fleet in March 1891, but was forced to return home in September 1892 with persistent boiler problems and she was reduced to the Chatham reserve. Thunderer became the guard ship at Pembroke Dock in May 1895 and remained there until she returned to the Chatham reserve in December 1900.<ref name=p2/> The ship was refitted there as an emergency ship in 1902,<ref>Template:Cite newspaper The Times</ref> but was taken out of service five years later. Thunderer was sold for scrap for £19,500<ref name=p2/> on 13 September 1909.<ref>Winfield & Lyon, p. 255</ref>
The Devastation class became more popular among the civilian population and in the Royal Navy as the ships got older. Rear-Admiral John Wilson, a former captain of the ship, stated in a meeting of the Royal United Services Institute discussing the most acceptable types of battleship in 1884,<ref name=p2/>
"I also agree with my friend Captain Colomb that we have no type of ship to my fancy equal to the Template:HMS or the good old Thunderer. Give me the Thunderer, the hull of the Thunderer; she had bad engines, she was not arranged as I would like inside, she was badly gunned as we all know, and she had not enough light gun or sufficient armaments; but she carried Template:Convert of coal, could steam at 10 knots from here to the Cape, and could fight any ship of her class on the salt water."<ref name=p2/>
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
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|_exclude=case, year, _debug | last1 = Colledge | first1 = J. J. | author-link1= J. J. Colledge | last2 = Warlow | first2 = Ben | date = 2006 | orig-date = 1969 | title = Ships of the Royal Navy: {{#if:|The Complete Record of All Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy|The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy}} | edition = Rev. | location = London | publisher = Chatham Publishing | isbn = 978-1-86176-281-8
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External linksEdit
- Details of Boiler Explosion on HMS Thunderer – a contemporary newspaper account of the incident
- Accidents on HMS Thunderer
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