Haripuñjaya

Template:Short description Template:Infobox former country Haripuñjaya<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> (Central and Northern Thai: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:RTGS, also spelled Haribhuñjaya) was a Mon kingdom in what is now Northern Thailand, existing from the 7th or 8th to 13th century CE. Its capital was at Lamphun, which at the time was also called Haripuñjaya.<ref name=Coedes>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp In 1292 the city was besieged and captured by Mangrai of the Tai kingdom of Lan Na.<ref name=Coedes/>Template:Rp

The kingdom is referred to as K'un-lun in ancient Chinese records.<ref name=luce>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp

Founding

According to the Camadevivamsa, Jinakalamali and Singhanavati chronicles, the city was founded between 629–57 AD<ref name="multi:1"/> by four hermits named Suthep, Sukatanata, Tapanana, and Chantasikatungka.<ref name="multi:1"/> Hermit Sukatanata requested the Mon ruler of the Lavo Kingdom (present-day Lopburi) to send his daughter, Jamadevi, to become the first queen of the city.<ref name="multi:1">Multiple sources:

• Bhamorabutra, Abha (1981). Muang boran nai prathet Thai: Chabap phasa angkrit เมืองโบราณในประเทศไทย (ฉบับภาษาอังกฤษ) [Ancient cities in Thailand (English Edition)]. Bangkok: n.p. pp. 17-18. Template:OCLC
• Praphatthong, Songsri (1993). Pranitsin Thai ประณีตศิลป์ไทย [On Thai Art] (In Thai). Bangkok: The Thailand Office of National Museums, The Fine Arts Department. p. 162. Template:ISBN
• Kanchabakhom, Pricha (1989). "เมืองหริภญไชย," Naeothang suksa borannakhadi แนวทางศึกษาโบราณคดี [Guidelines for the Study of Archaeology] (in Thai). Nakhon Prathom: Faculty of Archeology, Silpakorn University. หน้า 95. Template:OCLC
• Phra Phothirangsi, and the Royal Society of Siam (eds). (2473). Chammathewiwong phongsawadan muang Hariphunchai thang pasa Pali lae kham plae จามเทวีวงษ์ พงศาวดารเมืองหริภุญไชย ทั้งภาษาบาลีและคำแปล [Chronicle of Queen Cham, Chronicle of Haripunjaya composed in Pali and Translation] (in Thai). Translated in Thai by Phraya Pariyattithammathada (Phae Talalak); Phra Yanawichit (Sit Lotchananon). Bangkok: n.p.
  • Ibid. จามเทวีวงษ์ ปริเฉท 2. pp. 23–52.
  • Ibid. จามเทวีวงษ์ ปริเฉท 3. pp. 53–76.</ref> However, this date is now considered too early, and the actual beginning is placed at around 750 AD.Template:Citation needed At that time, most of what is now central Thailand was under the rule of various Mon city-states, known collectively as the Dvaravati kingdom. Queen Jamadevi gave birth to twins, the older succeeding her as the ruler of Lamphun, and the younger becoming ruler of neighboring Lampang.

The local legend said that at the beginning of her reign, Haripuñjaya's Jamadevi defeated the Lawa dynasty's Template:Ill, the 13th king of Raming Nakhon ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>), but her 2 princes married the 2 princesses of King Vilanga and both dynasties became allies.<ref name=ketkong>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp

Flourishing and downfall

File:Buddha Shakyamuni LACMA AC1993.210.2.jpg

A Haripuñjaya statue of the Buddha Shakyamuni from the 12th-13th century CE

In the twelfth century, during the reign of King Adityaraja, who, together with his brother Chadachota ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), were previously princes of Suphannabhum but fled to Haripuñjaya after the kingdom was annexed by Lavo of Tambralinga's prince Kampoch,<ref name=ch>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp came into conflict with the Khmers who took over Lavo from Tambralinga in 1002. Adityaraja, with an assist from Suphannabhum,<ref name=ch/>Template:Rp annexed Lavo in 1052 and appointed his brother, Chadachota, the king of Lavo. This marked the end of Khmer influence in the Menam Valley.<ref name=yonok>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Rp Lamphun inscriptions from 1213, 1218, and 1219, mention King Sabbadhisiddhi endowing Buddhist monuments.<ref name=Coedes/>Template:Rp

The chronicles say that Austroasiatic-speaking people, possibly Kuy people and/or Lawa people, from the northern polity of Umongasela ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) in the present-day Fang unsuccessfully besieged Haripuñjaya several times during the 10th–11th century. In 957, due to such invasions, a Haripuñjaya noble named Aphai Kamini ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) went south and refounded Sukhothai, which previously was abandoned around the 6th century.<ref name=leg>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Rp

The early 13th century was a golden time for Haripuñjaya, as the chronicles talk only about religious activities or constructing buildings, not about wars. Nevertheless, Haripuñjaya was besieged in 1292 by the Tai Yuan king Mangrai, who incorporated it into his Lan Na ("One Million Rice Fields") kingdom. The plan set up by Mangrai to overpower Haripuñjaya began by dispatching Ai Fa (Template:Langx) on an espionage mission to create chaos in Haripuñjaya. Ai Fa managed to spread discontent among the population, which weakened Haripuñjaya and made it possible for Mangrai to take the kingdom over.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref>Template:Rp<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Phraya Yi Ba, the last king of Haripuñjaya, was forced to flee south to Lampang.<ref name=Coedes/>Template:Rp

List of rulers

Names of monarchs of the Haripuñjaya kingdom according to Tamnan Hariphunchai (History of Kingdom of Haripuñjaya):Template:Citation needed

1. Camadevi (662-669)
2. Hanayos (669-749), son of the previous<ref name=jin>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Rp

1. Kumanjaraj (749-789), son of the previous.<ref name=jin/>Template:Rp
2. Rudantra (789-816), son of the previous.<ref name=jin/>Template:Rp
3. Sonamanjusaka (816-846)<ref name=jin/>Template:Rp
4. Samsara (846-856), son of the previous.<ref name=jin/>Template:Rp
5. Padumaraj (856-886)<ref name=jin/>Template:Rp
6. Kusadeva (886-894)<ref name=jin/>Template:Rp
7. Nokaraj
8. Dasaraj
9. Gutta
10. Sera
11. Yuvaraj
12. Brahmtarayo
13. Muksa
14. Traphaka (924–927)<ref name=jin/>Template:Rp
15. Uchitajakraphad, King of Lavo (927–930)<ref name=jin/>Template:Rp
16. Kampol (930–951)<ref name=jin/>Template:Rp
17. Jakaphadiraj, King of Atikuyaburi or Jinghong (951–960)<ref name=jin/>Template:Rp
18. Vasudev
19. Yeyyala
20. Maharaj, King of Lampang
21. Sela
22. Kanjana
23. Chilanka
24. Phunthula
25. Ditta
26. Chettharaj
27. Jeyakaraj
28. Phatijjaraj
29. Thamikaraj
30. Ratharaj
31. Saphasith
32. Chettharaj
33. Jeyakaraj
34. Datvanyaraj
35. Ganga
36. Siribun
37. Uthen
38. Phanton
39. Atana
40. Havam
41. Trangal (1195-1196)
42. Yotta (1196-1270)
43. Yip (1270-1292)

References

• 'Historic Lamphun: Capital of the Mon Kingdom of Haripunchai', in: Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai Volume 4. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012. Template:ASIN
• Swearer, Donald K. and Sommai Premchit. The Legend of Queen Cama: Bodhiramsi's Camadevivamsa, a Translation and Commentary. New York: State University of New York Press, 1998.