Hexi Corridor

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The Hexi Corridor (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell),Template:Efn also known as the Gansu Corridor, is an important historical region located in the modern western Gansu province of China. It refers to a narrow stretch of traversable and relatively arable plain west of the Yellow River's Ordos Loop (hence the name Hexi, meaning 'west of the river'), flanked between the much more elevated and inhospitable terrains of the Mongolian and Tibetan Plateaus.

As part of the Northern Silk Road, running northwest from the western section of the Ordos Loop between Yinchuan and Lanzhou, the Hexi Corridor was the most important trade route in Northwest China. It linked China proper to the historic Western Regions for traders and military incursions into Central Asia. It is a string of oases along the northern edges of the Qilian Mountains and Altyn-Tagh, with the high and desolate Tibetan Plateau further to the south. To the north are the Longshou, Heli and Mazong Mountains separating it from the arid Badain Jaran Desert, Gobi Desert and the cold steppes of the Mongolian Plateau. At the western end, the route splits into three, going either north of the Tianshan Mountains or south on either side of the Tarim Basin. At the eastern end, the mountains around Lanzhou grants access to the Longxi Basin, which leads east through Mount Long along the Wei River valley into the populous Guanzhong Plain, and then into the Central Plain.

GeographyEdit

LocationEdit

The Hexi Corridor is located in western Gansu province, bordered to the south by the Qilian Mountains and to the north by the Gobi Desert. It extends for approximately Template:Convert from Wushao Mountain in the south to Dunhuang in the north,<ref>Zhihong Wang, Dust in the Wind: Retracing Dharma Master Xuanzang's Western Pilgrimage, 經典雜誌編著, 2006 Template:ISBN</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and covers around Template:Convert.Template:Sfn

There are several major cities along the Hexi Corridor. From west to east, the major cities are: Dunhuang, Yumen, Jiayuguan, Jiuquan, Zhangye, Jinchang, Wuwei, and finally Lanzhou in the southeast.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Just south of the provincial boundary of Gansu lies Xining, the capital of Qinghai Province, which served as the chief commercial hub of the Hexi Corridor along the Northern Silk Road.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

HistoryEdit

PrehistoryEdit

The Hexi Corridor had been the site of east-west cultural exchanges across Eurasia since prehistory.Template:Sfn It was first settled around 4800Template:Nbsp BP in Neolithic times by millet farmers from the Yangshao Culture in the western Loess Plateau,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn who enabled the spread of millet to Central Asia and the rest of Eurasia and Africa.Template:Sfn These farmers also had pottery production techniques from Northern China.Template:Sfn Several cultures developed in the Hexi corridor during this time, such as the Majiayao, Banshan, and Machang.Template:Sfn

The oldest bronze object to be discovered in China, dating to 5000–4500Template:NbspBP, was found at the Majiayao site.Template:Sfn However, none of the Neolithic cultures in the Hexi Corridor at this time possessed the technology to smelt bronze, and only two sites had any bronze at all.Template:Sfn As such, the Bronze Age only began in the Hexi Corridor around 4200Template:NbspBP with the arrival of smelting technology from Central Asia,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn and the production of bronze reached its peak around 4000–3500Template:NbspBP.Template:Sfn Domesticated livestock were also introduced to the area around this time;Template:Sfn thus, these cultures typically farmed millet and wheat, while keeping livestock such as sheep, pigs, cattle and horses.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Bronze age societies in the Hexi Corridor at this time include the Shajing, Qijia, Xichengyi, Siba, and Shanma cultures.Template:Sfn

Wheat and barley from the Fertile Crescent arrived in the Hexi Corridor via Central Asia around 4000 BP,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn and later spread into China proper.Template:Sfn By around 3700–3500Template:NbspBP, most likely due to the continual weakening and retreat of the East Asian monsoon since 4000Template:NbspBP which had caused increasing aridity,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn the more drought-resistant wheat and barley had replaced millet as the main staple crop in the Hexi Corridor.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Cultures after this time period (such as the Shajing culture) saw a decrease in site numbers and bronze artifacts,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn and became dominated by nomadic production rather than agriculture.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

Han-Xiongnu WarsEdit

File:Han dynasty (60 BC).png

The Han dynasty in 60 BCE, after their conquest of the Tarim Basin. Template:Plainlist

The Yuezhi were a nomadic tribe that lived in the Hexi Corridor in the 3rd centuryTemplate:NbspBCE.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn The Xiongnu, another nomadic tribe, were forced out of their homelands near the Ordos Plateau following the Qin-Xiongnu wars in 215Template:NbspBCE,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn and Qin dynasty built the Great Wall of China into parts of the Hexi Corridor to enclose the conquered territory.Template:Sfn The Xiongnu subsequently formed a confederacy against the Qin under Modu Chanyu,Template:Sfn which defeated and expelled the Yuezhi from the Hexi Corridor in 176Template:NbspBCE.Template:Sfn<ref name=":1222">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Sfn

In 138Template:NbspBCE, Han dynasty diplomat Zhang Qian was sent to convince the Yuezhi to ally against the Xiongnu and move back into the Hexi Corridor. He was unsuccessful in doing so and was captured by the Xiongnu, but gave detailed accounts of various kingdoms in the Tarim Basin and further areas which had been unknown to the Chinese before then.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn These accounts influenced Emperor Wu of Han to expand westwards,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn who attacked the Xiongnu at the Battle of Mayi in 134 or 133 BCE, and began the centuries-long Han-Xiongnu Wars in 129Template:NbspBCE.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn In the Template:Ill in 121Template:NbspBCE, Han general Huo Qubing expelled the Xiongnu from the region,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn and four new commanderies were established on these lands, namely (from east to west) Wuwei, Zhangye, Jiuquan and Dunhuang.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Starting from around 115Template:NbspBCE, the Han dynasty fought the Xiongnu over control of the Tarim Basin using the Hexi Corridor as a base of operations,Template:Sfn and established the Protectorate of the Western Regions following their victory in 60 orTemplate:Nbsp59Template:NbspBCE.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

During the turbulent reign of Wang Mang, Han lost control over the Tarim Basin, which was reconquered by the Xiongnu in 63 CE and used as a base to invade the Hexi Corridor. Dou Gu defeated the Xiongnu again at the Battle of Yiwulu in 73 CE, evicting them from Turpan and chasing them as far as Lake Barkol before establishing a garrison at Hami.

After the new Protector General of the Western Regions Chen Mu was killed in 75 CE by allies of the Xiongnu in Karasahr and Kucha, the garrison at Hami was withdrawn. At the Battle of the Altai Mountains in 89 CE, Dou Xian defeated the Northern Chanyu, who retreated into the Altai Mountains. The Han forces, allied with the subjugated Southern Xiongnu, again defeated the Northern Chanyu twice in 90 CE and 91 CE, forcing him to flee west into Wusun and Kangju territories.

Tang dynastyEdit

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File:Dunhuang Zhang Yichao army.jpg

Mural commemorating victory of General Zhang Yichao over the Tibetan Empire in 848. Mogao cave 156, late Chinese Tang dynasty

File:Tang Dynasty circa 700 CE.png

Map of the Tang dynasty showing the Hexi Corridor connecting China proper to the Tarim Basin

The Tang dynasty fought the Tibetan Empire for control of areas in Inner and Central Asia. There was a long string of conflicts with Tibet over territories in the Tarim Basin between 670 and 692.

In 763 the Tibetans even captured the Tang capital of Chang'an for fifteen days during the An Lushan Rebellion. It was during this rebellion that the Tang withdrew its western garrisons stationed in what is now Gansu and Qinghai, which the Tibetans then occupied along with the area that is modern Xinjiang. Hostilities between the Tang and Tibet continued until they signed a formal peace treaty in 821. The terms of this treaty, including fixed borders between the two countries, are recorded in a bilingual inscription on a stone pillar outside the Jokhang in Lhasa.

Western Xia dynastyEdit

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The Western Xia dynasty was established in the 11th century by the Tangut people. Western Xia controlled from 1038 CE up to 1227 CE the areas in what are now the northwestern Chinese provinces of Gansu, Shaanxi, and Ningxia.

Yuan dynastyEdit

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Genghis Khan began the conquest of the Jin dynasty around 1207 and Ögedei Khan continued it after his death in 1227. The Jurchen-led Jin dynasty fell in 1234 CE with help from the Han-ruled Southern Song dynasty.

Ögedei also conquered the Western Xia dynasty in 1227, pacifying the Hexi Corridor region, which was later absorbed into the Yuan dynasty.

Geography and climateEdit

The Hexi Corridor is a long, narrow passage stretching for some Template:Convert from the steep Wushaolin hillside near the modern city of Lanzhou to the Jade Gate<ref>Zhihong Wang, Dust in the Wind: Retracing Dharma Master Xuanzang's Western Pilgrimage, 經典雜誌編著, 2006 Template:ISBN</ref> at the border of Gansu and Xinjiang. There are many fertile oases along the path, watered by rivers flowing from the Qilian Mountains, such as the Shiyang, Jinchuan, Ejin (Heihe), and Shule Rivers.

A strikingly inhospitable environment surrounds this chain of oases: the snow-capped Qilian Mountains (the so-called "southern mountains" or "Nanshan") to the south; the Beishan ("northern mountains") mountainous area, the Alashan Plateau, and the vast expanse of the Gobi desert to the north.

Geologically, the Hexi Corridor belongs to a Cenozoic foreland basin system on the northeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

File:阳关烽燧遗址航拍3.jpg

The ruins of a Han dynasty watchtower made of rammed earth at Dunhuang.

The ancient trackway formerly passed through Haidong, Xining and the environs of Juyan Lake, serving an effective area of about Template:Convert. It was an area where mountain and desert limited caravan traffic to a narrow trackway, where relatively small fortifications could control passing traffic.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} </ref>

There are several major cities along the Hexi Corridor. In western Gansu Province is Dunhuang (Shazhou), then Yumen, then Jiayuguan, then Jiuquan (Suzhou), then Zhangye (Ganzhou) in the center, then Jinchang, then Wuwei (Liangzhou) and finally Lanzhou in the southeast. In the past, Dunhuang was part of the area known as the Western Regions. South of Gansu Province, in the middle just over the provincial boundary, lies the city of Xining, the capital of Qinghai Province. Xining used to be the chief commercial hub of the Hexi Corridor.

The Jiayuguan fort guards the western entrance to China. It is located in Jiayuguan pass at the narrowest point of the Hexi Corridor, some Template:Convert southwest of the city of Jiayuguan. The Jiayuguan fort is the first fortification of Great Wall of China in the west.

ReferencesEdit

Hexi Corridor

Contents