Ichneumonoidea

Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox The superfamily Ichneumonoidea contains one extinct and three extant families, including the two largest families within Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae and Braconidae. The group is thought to contain as many as 100,000 species, many of which have not yet been described.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref> Like other parasitoid wasps, they were long placed in the "Parasitica", variously considered as an infraorder or an unranked clade, now known to be paraphyletic.

Etymology

The name is derived from Latin 'ichneumon', from Ancient Greek ἰχνεύμων (ikhneúmōn, "tracker"), from ἴχνος (íkhnos, "track, footstep").<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The name is shared with the Egyptian mongoose, Herpestes ichneumon.

Description

The superfamily is defined by fusion of the costal and radial veins of the fore wing, and almost all species have more than 11 antennal segments.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> Both included families have a cosmopolitan distribution. Ichneumonoids have morphological similarities with relatives within the order Hymenoptera, including ants and bees. Ichneumonoidea contains a great deal of morphological diversity, with species ranging in size from Template:Convert long. Most are slender, and the females of many species (particularly in the genus Megarhyssa) have extremely long ovipositors for laying eggs.

The ichneumonid wasps may be more familiar to non-entomologists than braconids, as they are generally larger. The two families are distinguished from each other primarily by details of wing venation.

Braconidae

Most are brownish or black, not brightly colored.<ref>Borror and White</ref> Forewings lack vein 2m-cu.

Ichneumonidae

Ichneumonids vary greatly in size and their color varies from brightly colored to uniform black. Forewings with vein 2m-cu present and tubular.<ref name=":1" />

Evolution

Parasitoidism evolved only once in the Hymenoptera during the Permian, leading to a single clade which contains the Apocrita and the Orussoidea, but has been secondarily lost multiple times. The Apocrita emerged from that clade during the Jurassic.<ref name="BranstetterDanforth2017">Template:Cite journalTemplate:Oa</ref><ref>Template:Cite journalTemplate:Oa</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=Peters>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Parasitic life cycle

Ichneumonoids are solitary insects, and the vast majority are parasitoids; the larvae feed on or in another insect until it finally dies. Most hosts are holometabolous insect larvae, but there are many exceptions. In general, ichneumonoids are host specific, and only attack one or a few closely related host species. Many species use polydnaviruses to suppress the immune systems of their host insects. Due to the wide variety in hosts and lifestyles, see subfamily pages for more detail.

The female ichneumonoid finds a host and lays an egg on, near, or inside the host's body.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The ovipositor of ichneumonoids generally cannot deliver a sting as many wasps or bees do. It can be used to bore wood and lay eggs on hosts deep inside, or reach hosts hidden inside leaf shelters. Upon hatching, the larva feeds either externally or internally, killing the host when it is ready to pupate.

Various ichneumonoids are used as biological control agents in controlling horticultural or forest pests. An example is the relationship between the species Ichneumon eumerus and its host butterfly Phengaris rebeli.<ref name="Hochberg">Template:Cite journal</ref> The butterfly larva is a parasite within Myrmica ant nests. The adult I. eumerus searches for ant nests and only enters when they contain P. rebeli caterpillars.<ref name="Hochberg" /> Once inside, they oviposit within the caterpillars and escape the nest by releasing a chemical which causes the worker ants to fight each other rather than the intruding wasp.<ref name="Hochberg"/> The wasp eggs then hatch inside the caterpillar and eventually consume and kill the host.

Life cycle of Hercus fontinalis

• Hercus fontinalis early instar larvae.jpg

  Early instar larvae on caterpillar

• Hercus fontinalis later instar larvae.jpg

  Later instar larvae

• Hercus fontinalis final instar larva.jpg

  Final instar larvae building cocoon

• Hercus fontinalis pupa.jpg

  Pupa inside cocoon

• Hercus fontinalis eclosion.jpg

  Adults emerging from cocoons

• Hercus fontinalis female.jpg

  Adult female

External links

• Template:Wikispecies-inline
• Template:Commonscat-inline
• Reference large-format photos of 15 different species of Ichneumonidae
• An interesting account Template:Webarchive of an observer's encounter with Ichneumons.
• University of Florida Department of Entomology & Nematology page about ichneumons
• Bugguide.net. Superfamily Ichneumonoidea - Braconids and Ichneumons