Icosagon
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Regular polygon db In geometry, an icosagon or 20-gon is a twenty-sided polygon. The sum of any icosagon's interior angles is 3240 degrees.
Regular icosagonEdit
The regular icosagon has Schläfli symbol Template:Math, and can also be constructed as a truncated decagon, Template:Math, or a twice-truncated pentagon, Template:Math.
One interior angle in a regular icosagon is 162°, meaning that one exterior angle would be 18°.
The area of a regular icosagon with edge length Template:Math is
- <math>A={5}t^2(1+\sqrt{5}+\sqrt{5+2\sqrt{5}}) \simeq 31.5687 t^2.</math>
In terms of the radius Template:Math of its circumcircle, the area is
- <math>A=\frac{5R^2}{2}(\sqrt{5}-1);</math>
since the area of the circle is <math>\pi R^2,</math> the regular icosagon fills approximately 98.36% of its circumcircle.
UsesEdit
The Big Wheel on the popular US game show The Price Is Right has an icosagonal cross-section.
The Globe, the outdoor theater used by William Shakespeare's acting company, was discovered to have been built on an icosagonal foundation when a partial excavation was done in 1989.<ref>Muriel Pritchett, University of Georgia "To Span the Globe" Template:Webarchive, see also Editor's Note, retrieved on 10 January 2016</ref>
As a golygonal path, the swastika is considered to be an irregular icosagon.<ref>{{#invoke:Template wrapper|{{#if:|list|wrap}}|_template=cite web |_exclude=urlname, _debug, id |url = https://mathworld.wolfram.com/{{#if:Icosagon%7CIcosagon.html}} |title = Icosagon |author = Weisstein, Eric W. |website = MathWorld |access-date = |ref = Template:SfnRef }}</ref>
File:4.5.20 vertex.png A regular square, pentagon, and icosagon can completely fill a plane vertex.
ConstructionEdit
As Template:Math, regular icosagon is constructible using a compass and straightedge, or by an edge-bisection of a regular decagon, or a twice-bisected regular pentagon:
| File:Regular Icosagon Inscribed in a Circle.gif Construction of a regular icosagon |
File:Regular Decagon Inscribed in a Circle.gif Construction of a regular decagon |
The golden ratio in an icosagonEdit
- In the construction with given side length the circular arc around Template:Math with radius Template:Math, shares the segment Template:Math in ratio of the golden ratio.
- <math>\frac{\overline{ E_{20}E_1}}{\overline{E_1 F}} = \frac{\overline{E_{20} F}}{\overline{ E_{20}E_1}} = \frac{1+ \sqrt{5}}{2} =\varphi \approx 1.618</math>
SymmetryEdit
The regular icosagon has [[dihedral symmetry|Template:Math symmetry]], order 40. There are 5 subgroup dihedral symmetries: Template:Math, and Template:Math, and 6 cyclic group symmetries: Template:Math, and (Template:Math.
These 10 symmetries can be seen in 16 distinct symmetries on the icosagon, a larger number because the lines of reflections can either pass through vertices or edges. John Conway labels these by a letter and group order.<ref>John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strauss, (2008) The Symmetries of Things, Template:ISBN (Chapter 20, Generalized Schaefli symbols, Types of symmetry of a polygon pp. 275-278)</ref> Full symmetry of the regular form is Template:Math and no symmetry is labeled Template:Math. The dihedral symmetries are divided depending on whether they pass through vertices (Template:Math for diagonal) or edges (Template:Math for perpendiculars), and Template:Math when reflection lines path through both edges and vertices. Cyclic symmetries in the middle column are labeled as Template:Math for their central gyration orders.
Each subgroup symmetry allows one or more degrees of freedom for irregular forms. Only the Template:Math subgroup has no degrees of freedom but can be seen as directed edges.
The highest symmetry irregular icosagons are Template:Math, an isogonal icosagon constructed by ten mirrors which can alternate long and short edges, and Template:Math, an isotoxal icosagon, constructed with equal edge lengths, but vertices alternating two different internal angles. These two forms are duals of each other and have half the symmetry order of the regular icosagon.
DissectionEdit
| File:20-gon rhombic dissection-size2.svg regular |
File:Isotoxal 20-gon rhombic dissection-size2.svg Isotoxal |
Coxeter states that every zonogon (a Template:Math-gon whose opposite sides are parallel and of equal length) can be dissected into Template:Math parallelograms.<ref>Coxeter, Mathematical recreations and Essays, Thirteenth edition, p.141</ref> In particular this is true for regular polygons with evenly many sides, in which case the parallelograms are all rhombi. For the icosagon, Template:Math, and it can be divided into 45: 5 squares and 4 sets of 10 rhombs. This decomposition is based on a Petrie polygon projection of a 10-cube, with 45 of 11520 faces. The list Template:OEIS2C enumerates the number of solutions as 18,410,581,880, including up to 20-fold rotations and chiral forms in reflection.
| File:10-cube.svg 10-cube |
File:20-gon-dissection.svg | File:20-gon rhombic dissection3.svg | File:20-gon rhombic dissection4.svg | File:20-gon-dissection-random.svg |
Related polygonsEdit
An icosagram is a 20-sided star polygon, represented by symbol Template:Math. There are three regular forms given by Schläfli symbols: Template:Math, Template:Math, and Template:Math. There are also five regular star figures (compounds) using the same vertex arrangement: Template:Math, Template:Math, Template:Math, Template:Math, Template:Math, and Template:Math.
| n | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Form | Convex polygon | Compound | Star polygon | Compound | |
| Image | File:Regular polygon 20.svg {20/1} = {20} |
File:Regular star figure 2(10,1).svg {20/2} = 2{10} |
File:Regular star polygon 20-3.svg {20/3} |
File:Regular star figure 4(5,1).svg {20/4} = 4{5} |
File:Regular star figure 5(4,1).svg {20/5} = 5{4} |
| Interior angle | 162° | 144° | 126° | 108° | 90° |
| n | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
| Form | Compound | Star polygon | Compound | Star polygon | Compound |
| Image | File:Regular star figure 2(10,3).svg {20/6} = 2{10/3} |
File:Regular star polygon 20-7.svg {20/7} |
File:Regular star figure 4(5,2).svg {20/8} = 4{5/2} |
File:Regular star polygon 20-9.svg {20/9} |
File:Regular star figure 10(2,1).svg {20/10} = 10{2} |
| Interior angle | 72° | 54° | 36° | 18° | 0° |
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Deeper truncations of the regular decagon and decagram can produce isogonal (vertex-transitive) intermediate icosagram forms with equally spaced vertices and two edge lengths.<ref>The Lighter Side of Mathematics: Proceedings of the Eugène Strens Memorial Conference on Recreational Mathematics and its History, (1994), Metamorphoses of polygons, Branko Grünbaum</ref>
A regular icosagram, Template:Math, can be seen as a quasitruncated decagon, Template:Math. Similarly a decagram, Template:Math has a quasitruncation Template:Math, and finally a simple truncation of a decagram gives Template:Math.
| Quasiregular | Quasiregular | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| File:Regular polygon truncation 10 1.svg t{10}={20} |
File:Regular polygon truncation 10 2.svg | File:Regular polygon truncation 10 3.svg | File:Regular polygon truncation 10 4.svg | File:Regular polygon truncation 10 5.svg | File:Regular polygon truncation 10 6.svg t{10/9}={20/9} |
| File:Regular star truncation 10-3 1.svg t{10/3}={20/3} |
File:Regular star truncation 10-3 2.svg | File:Regular star truncation 10-3 3.svg | File:Regular star truncation 10-3 4.svg | File:Regular star truncation 10-3 5.svg | File:Regular star truncation 10-3 6.svg t{10/7}={20/7} |
Petrie polygonsEdit
The regular icosagon is the Petrie polygon for a number of higher-dimensional polytopes, shown in orthogonal projections in Coxeter planes:
It is also the Petrie polygon for the icosahedral 120-cell, small stellated 120-cell, great icosahedral 120-cell, and great grand 120-cell.
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
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