Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant
Template:Short description Template:Infobox power station
The Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant (Template:Langx) is a decommissioned two-unit RBMK-1500 nuclear power station in Visaginas Municipality, Lithuania. It was named after the nearby city of Ignalina. Due to the plant's similarities to the infamous Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in both reactor design and lack of a robust containment building,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Lithuania agreed to close the plant as part of its agreement of accession to the European Union. Unit 1 was closed in December 2004; Unit 2 in December 2009. The plant accounted for 25% of Lithuania's electricity generating capacity and supplied about 70% of Lithuania's electrical demand.<ref name=dw311209a>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite conference</ref> It was closed on 31 December 2009. Proposals have been made to construct a new nuclear power plant at the site, but such plans have yet to come to fruition.
ReactorsEdit
The Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant contained two Soviet-designed RBMK-1500 water-cooled graphite-moderated channel-type power reactors. After the Chernobyl disaster of April 1986, the reactor was de-rated to 1,360 MW. Each unit of the power plant was equipped with two K-750-65/3000 turbines with 800 MW generators built by the Kharkiv turbine plant ( Turboatom).<ref name=td3>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
HistoryEdit
The Soviet Union intended Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant as a symbol of its technological progress.Template:R Preparations for the construction began in 1974. Field work began four years later. Unit 1 came online in December 1983, and was closed on December 31, 2004. Unit 2 came online in August 1987 and was closed on December 31, 2009 at 23:00 EET (21:00 UTC).<ref name=nea>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="BBC">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=businessweek>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=reuters311209a>Template:Cite news</ref>
Originally, Unit 2 was scheduled for launch in 1986, but its commissioning was postponed for a year because of the Chernobyl disaster that year. The construction of Unit 3 started in 1985, but was suspended in 1988 and subsequently cancelled, and its demolition began in 1989. Its dismantling was completed in 2008.<ref name=wnn160908> Template:Cite news</ref>
The town of Visaginas was built to accommodate Ignalina's workers. About 5,000 people worked at the plant, which produced 70% of the Lithuanian S.S.R's electricity and exported power to elsewhere in the Soviet Union.Template:R At the time, the settlements at Visaginas were no more than villages, making it a prominent example of "greenfield investment", a situation when a large town or industrial facility is built in an area with little existing infrastructure. Ignalina was sited next to the largest lake in Lithuania, Lake Drūkšiai (part of which lies in neighbouring Belarus), which provided the plant's cooling water. The temperature of the lake has risen by about 3 °C (5.4 °F) during the operations of I.N.P.P., causing eutrophication.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Ignalina's discharges of radionuclides and heavy metals have accumulated in lake waters and sediments.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Its spent fuel was placed in CASTOR and CONSTOR storage casks during the 2000s.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 2005, the State Security Department of Lithuania investigated the activities of Vladimir Alganov, who in 1997 had been expelled from Poland for espionage, and learned that he had met with the management of the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant and at their request obtained a long-term Lithuanian visa in 2002.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
IncidentsEdit
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In December 1983, when Ignalina Unit 1 came online, a design flaw of the RBMK was noticed for the first time. When the graphite-displacer tips on its control rods were inserted into the reactor, they immediately caused a power excursion.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Unit 1's control rods did not get stuck; they reached the bottom of the reactor, and the boron in the control rods stopped the nuclear reaction. Other nuclear organizations and RBMK plants were informed of the problem, but it was not addressed until after a similar power surge partly caused the 1986 Chernobyl Disaster.<ref name=i2>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The subsequent modifications were tested at Ignalina during 1987 and 1988.<ref name=i2/>
According to an Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant press release, on June 6, 2009, at 09:15 EEST (06:15 UTC), the automatic reactor protection system was actuated and Unit 2 was shut down. No radiation was released. Plant officials decided to keep it off-line for thirty days, performing the annual preventive maintenance in June, instead of August 29–September 27 as originally scheduled.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref>
ShutdownEdit
As a condition of entry into the European Union, Lithuania agreed in 1999 to close existing units of the station, citing the Ignalina plant's lack of a containment building as a high risk.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The EU agreed to pay €820 million decommissioning costs and compensation,<ref name="BBC"/> with payments continuing until 2013.
Closure of Ignalina faced fierce opposition from Lithuanians, as it provided income to most local residents. To compensate for this, a project was started to encourage tourism and other small businesses.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Others were afraid that the price of electricity would skyrocket or that Lithuania would be left to cope with the extremely high costs of decommissioning the plant and disposing of its nuclear waste. A 2008 referendum proposed extending the operation of Unit 2 until a new plant could be completed as a replacement; the referendum gained 1,155,192 votes for the proposal, but ultimately failed to gain the 50% turnout necessary to be passed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> President Valdas Adamkus opposed the measure on grounds that continued operation would not respect Lithuania's international commitments.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The Lithuanian government forecasts that the electricity price for households will rise by 30% from 2010.<ref name=reuters311209a/><ref name=telegraph291209>Template:Cite news</ref> Analysts expect that the shutdown could cut Lithuania's gross domestic product growth by 1–1.5%, and increase inflation by 1%.<ref name=reuters311209a/> Ignalina's production will be compensated for by production of the fossil fuel Elektrėnai Power Plant as well as by imports from Russia, Latvia, Estonia, Ukraine, and Belarus.<ref name=reuters311209a/><ref name=bloomberg311209a>Template:Cite news</ref> The closure may test Lithuanian–Russian relations.<ref name=euobserver29209>Template:Cite news</ref> Responding to concerns that Lithuania would become more dependent on Russian energy sources that could be withdrawn if relations deteriorate, President Dalia Grybauskaitė issued reassuring statements in late 2009.<ref name=euobserver29209/> This has not materialised as in March of 2022 Lithuania has cut off all Russian gas imports.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Lithuania imports 70% of its power, mostly from Sweden, and the average price of electricity is among the highest in EU.<ref>Electricity and natural gas price statistics EuroStat, May 2015.</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2015, transmission lines connected Lithuania to Sweden (700 MW) and Poland (500 MW).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
DecommissioningEdit
Ignalina NPP decommissioning project includes decommissioning of Unit 1 and unit 2 and auxiliary facilities. The process is divided into two phases. The first phase started in 2004 and continued until 2013. The second phase was scheduled for 2014–2029. By 2030, the site of two reactors should be ready for re-use ("brownfield").<ref name=eer080911>Template:Cite news</ref>
On 26 November 2002, Lithuanian government passed a resolution to the effect that the Ignalina NPP Unit 1 is to be decommissioned through immediate dismantling. The choice of method was influenced by economic and social factors, safety aspects, and decommissioning work experience at other nuclear power plants. Representatives of Ignalina NPP were also in favor of immediate dismantling because in this case prerequisites would be created for improving employment rate. One of the decommissioning priorities is in-house approach – to perform as many works as possible with own personnel.Template:Citation needed
Unloading of used fuel from the unit 2 began on 1 February 2011.<ref name=wnn040210> Template:Cite news</ref>
FinancingEdit
The decommissioning program was financed by the European Union, the Ignalina International Decommissioning Support Fund, and the SE Ignalina NPP National Decommissioning Fund. About 95% of the funds were provided by the international community, while 5% was provided by the Lithuanian state.<ref name=wnn160210> Template:Cite news</ref>
In 2001 the Ignalina International Decommissioning Support Fund was established, administered by the European Bank of Reconstruction and Development (EBRD).<ref name=wnn160210/> Participants in this fund are the EBRD, the European Commission, and 15 donor countries.<ref name=eer080911/>
Strategic energy projects financed by the European Union included construction of the new unit at the Elektrėnai Power Plant.<ref name=eer080911/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Repository and storageEdit
There will be three different type of storage facilities: for the spent nuclear fuel, nuclear fuel waste and radioactive waste.<ref name=osw260510>Template:Cite news</ref>
Most of the facilities will be built by Nukem Technologies, a subsidiary of Atomstroyexport.<ref name=osw260510/> A contract for construction of a spent fuel facility was given by Nukem Technologies to the Lithuanian construction company Vėtrūna.<ref name=br160710> Template:Cite news</ref> A near-surface repository for redundant materials and waste is to be built by a consortium led by Areva TA. The repository should be completed by 2017 and it is expected to cost €10 million.<ref name=wnn160210/>
Gesellschaft für Nuklear-Service is responsible for transporting storing the radioactive material from the water tanks at Ignalina's units.<ref name=eer080911/>
ControversiesEdit
On 18 May 2010, Lithuanian energy minister Arvydas Sekmokas announced that although 60% of the funds have been spent, no single project has been completed.<ref name=osw260510/> As of 2011, phase 1 of decommissioning is three to four years behind schedule.<ref name=eer080911/> According to Osvaldas Čiukšys, the former CEO of the Ignalina plant, Nukem Technologies is going to request an additional €100 million for completing the nuclear waste storage facility. This was opposed by the former vice minister of energy and chairman of the board of Ignalina plant Romas Švedas, who unexpectedly resigned on 6 September 2011.<ref name=lt090911> Template:Cite news</ref>
There is a dispute between the Government of Lithuania and the EBRD about the administration of the Ignalina International Decommissioning Support Fund.<ref name=eer080911/> There is also a dispute between the Lithuanian authorities and Gesellschaft für Nuklear-Service over safety of radioactive waste transportation and storage casks.<ref name=eer080911/>
The project faces a financing gap of €1.5 billion for the second phase after 2014.<ref name=eer080911/>
New power plantEdit
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There was discussion during the 1990s and 2000s of building a new nuclear power plant at the same site, forestalling the likelihood of an upcoming power shortage in the region. On February 27, 2006, at a meeting in Trakai, the Prime Ministers of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia signed a communiqué which invited state-owned energy companies in the three countries to invest in the design and construction of a new nuclear power plant in Lithuania.<ref name=euronuclear>Template:Cite journal</ref> On June 28, 2007, Lithuania's parliament adopted a law on building a new nuclear power plant, the formal start of the project.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On July 30, 2008, the power companies of Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia and Poland agreed to set up the Visaginas Nuclear Plant Company, which would have been responsible for the construction of the new power plant with a capacity of 3,000–3,200 MW.<ref name=wnn1>Template:Cite news</ref> GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy was selected as a strategic investor of the project.<ref name=eer080911/><ref name=reuters140711> Template:Cite news</ref>
Eventually the project was stopped as the 2012 Lithuanian nuclear power referendum results did not provide the mandate.
In popular cultureEdit
Due to its visual similarity to the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, Ignalina served as a filming location for the 2019 HBO miniseries Chernobyl.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The popularity of the series caused tourism to greatly increase. "Tickets to tour the Ignalina plant, priced at 60 euros ($66) each, are booked up months ahead", according to Time.<ref name="roache20191227">Template:Cite magazine</ref>